{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T14:07:47Z","timestamp":1779372467699,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Industrial Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Few studies have evaluated birth defects among children of firefighters. We investigated associations between birth defects and paternal work as a firefighter compared to work in non\u2010firefighting and police officer occupations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed 1997\u20132011 data from the multi\u2010site case\u2010control National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Cases included fetuses or infants with major structural birth defects and controls included a random sample of live\u2010born infants without major birth defects. Mothers of infants self\u2010reported information about parents' occupations held during pregnancy. We investigated associations between paternal firefighting and birth defect groups using logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Referent groups included families reporting fathers working non\u2010firefighting and police officer jobs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Occupational groups included 227 firefighters, 36,285 non\u2010firefighters, and 433 police officers. Twenty\u2010nine birth defects were analyzed. In adjusted analyses, fathers of children with total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR;\u00a0OR\u2009=\u20093.1; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.1\u20138.7), cleft palate (OR\u2009=\u20091.8; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.0\u20133.3), cleft lip (OR\u2009=\u20092.2; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.2\u20134.2), and transverse limb deficiency (OR\u2009=\u20092.2; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.1\u20134.7) were more likely than fathers of controls to be firefighters, versus non\u2010firefighters. In police\u2010referent analyses, fathers of children with cleft palate were 2.4 times more likely to be firefighters than fathers of controls (95% CI\u2009=\u20091.1\u20135.4).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Paternal firefighting may be associated with an elevated risk of birth defects in offspring. Additional studies are warranted to replicate these findings. Further research may contribute to a greater understanding of the reproductive health of firefighters and their families for guiding workplace practices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T09:10:08Z","timestamp":1667898608000},"page":"30-40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Birth defects associated with paternal firefighting in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0231-2564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam R.","family":"Siegel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Field Studies and Engineering National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carissa M.","family":"Rocheleau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Field Studies and Engineering National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6350-8210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brittany S.","family":"Hollerbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Fire, Rescue, and EMS Health Research NDRI\u2010USA, Inc Leawood Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6345-1947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amel","family":"Omari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Field Studies and Engineering National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara A.","family":"Jahnke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Fire, Rescue, and EMS Health Research NDRI\u2010USA, Inc Leawood Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4399-807X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynn M.","family":"Almli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Birth Defects and Infant Disorders National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, CDC Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew F.","family":"Olshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"National Birth Defects Prevention Study","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","unstructured":"EvartsB SteinGP. 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