{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T19:17:23Z","timestamp":1777663043047,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Industrial Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite existing regulations mandating exposure control, training, and monitoring, many worksites continue to inadequately protect workers from lead exposure. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires facilities to report lead emissions to the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), presenting a potential tool for identifying at\u2010risk worksites. Research has demonstrated that facilities responsible for high levels of environmental pollution often have poor occupational hygiene controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We linked EPA's TRI, the Illinois Adult Blood Lead Registry and business employer data. Using generalized estimating equation (GEE) models, we evaluated the relationship between lead emissions and blood lead testing to estimate the number of potentially exposed workers at sites without medical surveillance of lead exposures between 2016 and 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 477 Illinois facilities reporting lead emissions, 8.2% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200939) were above\u2010threshold polluters. Only 3.98% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200919) reported blood lead testing for 2 or more workers between 2016 and 2023. Average annual on\u2010site emissions were 86 pounds for below\u2010threshold polluters, 2601 pounds for facilities providing medical surveillance, and 16,917 pounds among above\u2010threshold polluters without medical surveillance. Among the 39 above\u2010threshold worksites without medical surveillance, the GEE model estimates that (range low\u2010to\u2010high) 7 to 684 workers annually had positive blood lead levels, and 10 to 256 workers had levels \u2265\u200925\u2009\u03bcg\/dL. The models indicate that the majority of estimated exposed workers would be employed at 15 worksites.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among facilities reporting above\u2010threshold lead releases, workers rarely received blood lead testing. EPA's TRI data can identify facilities where compliance with the OSHA lead standards is inadequate and can help prioritize worksites for outreach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T07:59:23Z","timestamp":1747987163000},"page":"688-697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Medical Surveillance of Occupational Lead Exposure Using the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory and Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance Program: Illinois, 2016\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8150-9970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chibuzor","family":"Abasilim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Joseph J. Zilber College of Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2010Milwaukee Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health University of Illinois Chicago Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6257-5315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brett","family":"Shannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health University of Illinois Chicago Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4819-3561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana","family":"Madigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health University of Illinois Chicago Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9312-6099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee S.","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health University of Illinois Chicago Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Toxicological Profile for Lead","author":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000002774"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6355a5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"Measuring Corporate Environmental Justice Performance","author":"Ash M.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/41682684"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration \u201cRegulations (Standards \u2010 29 CFR) 1910.1025 \u2010 Lead \u201d 2013 https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/laws-regs\/regulations\/standardnumber\/1910\/1910.1025."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency \u201cToxics Release Inventory Guidance for Reporting Lead and Lead Compounds (Report EPA 745\u2010B\u201019\u2010020) \u201d 2019 https:\/\/ordspub.epa.gov\/ords\/guideme_ext\/guideme_ext\/guideme\/file\/tri%20guidance%20for%20lead%20and%20lead%20compounds%20-%20revised%20march%202019.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Distributions and Trends in Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Adults\u2014Illinois, 2005\u20102017","volume":"4","author":"Szwiec E.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Illinois Morbidity and Mortality Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.80.8.921"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1047322X.1997.10387761"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491012500114"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2016.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.307051"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c07881"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency \u201cToxics Release Inventory Program \u201d 2019 https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/enviro\/data-downloads."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"Illinois Health and Hazardous Substances Registry Act [410 ILCS 525] Section 2310\u2010365 of the Civil Administrative Code of Illinois [20 ILCS 2310\/2310\u2010365] the Developmental Disability Prevention Act [410 ILCS 250] and the Lead Poisoning Prevention Act [410 ILCS 45] \u201cSubpart D: Occupational Disease Registry. Section 840.300 and 840.305 (Source: Amended at 36 Ill. Reg. 8379 Effective May 18 2012).\u201dhttps:\/\/www.ilga.gov\/Commission\/jcar\/admincode\/JCARTitlePart.asp?Title=077&Part=0840."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"State of Illinois Department of Public Health \u201cAnnual Report Illinois Health and Hazardous Substances Registry July 2022 Through June 2023 \u201d 2023 https:\/\/dph.illinois.gov\/content\/dam\/soi\/en\/web\/idph\/publications\/idph\/data-and-statistics\/epidemiology\/hazardous-substances\/fy23-ihhsr-annual-report.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u201cClinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments \u201d 2024 https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/clia\/php\/about\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2021.106324"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","volume-title":"Search & Build a List","author":"Dun & Bradstreet","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181caeb90"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22448"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000000872"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","volume-title":"A Smarter National Surveillance System for Occupational Safety and Health in the 21st Century","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700200310"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","unstructured":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health \u201cLead in the Workplace: Trends in Workplace Lead Exposure \u201d 2024 https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/lead\/data\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135844"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12995-021-00302-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration \u201cDirectives: OSHA Instruction; National Emphasis Program\u2010Lead \u201d 2008 https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/enforcement\/directives\/cpl-03-00-009."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000000872"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Industrial Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajim.23738","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T14:41:36Z","timestamp":1764168096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajim.23738"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajim.23738"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajim.23738","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0271-3586","1097-0274"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0271-3586","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0274","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}