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Other chronic effects include liver damage, emphysema, osteomalacia, neurological impairment, testicular, pancreatic, and adrenal damage, and anemia. Tumorigenic effects have been observed in animals, and excessive prostatic and lung cancer has been observed in worker studies. In vitro and in vivo mutagenic effects have been noted. Cadmium has been shown to cause hypertension in animals; however, it is unclear whether it is capable of causing similar effects in exposed human populations. Normal urinary excretion is less than 2 \u03bcg\/day and correlates with exposure. Normal blood concentration is below 10 ng\/gm of whole blood, and although levels are elevated in exposed groups, there is no apparent direct correlation. Hair values correlate well with exposure. Occupational and environmental standards are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700010308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,15]],"date-time":"2007-04-15T03:16:48Z","timestamp":1176607008000},"page":"307-317","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["A review of the health effects of cadmium"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth L.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"216","article-title":"Anosmia in alkaline battery workers","volume":"18","author":"Adams RG","year":"1961","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"TLV's threshold limit values for chemical substances in workroom air adopted","author":"American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), TLV Airborne Contaminants Committee","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"TLV's threshold limit values for chemical substances in workroom air adopted","author":"American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), TLV Airborne Contaminants Committee","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1116711"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(76)90023-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(78)90084-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"290","article-title":"Acute cadmium fume poisoning in welders\u2014a fatal and nonfatal case in California","volume":"105","author":"Blejer HP","year":"1966","journal-title":"California Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"Emphysema and proteinuria in men casting copper\u2010cadmium alloys","volume":"12","author":"Bonnell JA","year":"1955","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/20.3.215"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Cadmium: Its Metallurgy, Properties, and Uses","author":"Budgen NF","year":"1924"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Industrial cadmium poisoning. 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