{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T21:13:03Z","timestamp":1789593183982,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,11]],"date-time":"2007-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1168473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7680,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Industrial Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Very little is known about the long\u2010term health risks associated with the high stress police officer occupation. We report here on a retrospective cohort of 2,376 ever\u2010employed white male police officers employed between January 1950 and October 1979. Vital status was obtained for 96%, the officers accumulating a total of 39,462 person\u2010years. Six\u2010hundred sixty\u2010one deaths were observed. Total mortality from all causes was comparable to that of the overall U.S. white male population (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] = 106). Significantly increased mortality was seen for all malignant neoplasms combined (SMR = 127), cancer of the esophagus (SMR = 286), and cancer of the colon (SMR = 180). Significantly lower than expected mortality was seen for infectious diseases (SMR = 26), respiratory diseases (SMR = 64), and accidents (SMR = 60). Internal cohort comparisons revealed that policemen exhibited significantly higher mortality from suicide compared to all other municipal employees (rate ratio = 2.9). Analysis of mortality by length of service as a police officer showed that those employed 10\u201319 years were at significantly increased risk of digestive cancers and cancers of the colon and lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues and decreased risk for all diseases of the circulatory system. Policemen employed more than 40 years had significantly elevated SMRs for all causes, all malignant neoplasms combined, digestive cancers, cancers of the bladder and lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues, and arteriosclerotic heart disease. Risk of mortality from arteriosclerotic heart disease tended to increase with increasing years employed. These findings are discussed in light of the police stress literature. The hypotheses generated in this study must be tested through study of the role of important confounders including reactions to stress on the job.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700100406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,16]],"date-time":"2007-04-16T16:16:58Z","timestamp":1176740218000},"page":"383-397","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Mortality of a municipal worker cohort: III. Police officers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"John E.","family":"Vena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Violanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger C.","family":"Fiedler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1977.tb130795.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2136291"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(82)90048-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Suicide among police in urban law enforcement agencies","volume":"6","author":"Dash J","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Police Sci Admin"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.25.9.461"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-198410000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Effects of shift work","author":"Ehret C","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00846586"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113392","article-title":"Some confounding factors in the study of mortality and occupational exposures","volume":"116","author":"Gilbert ES","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(75)90087-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psychotherapy.1983.37.1.5","article-title":"Vulnerability to \u201cstress","volume":"37","author":"Gottschalk LA","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Psychotherapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1966.tb45428.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"The physical fitness of deputies assigned to the patrol function and its relationship to the formulation of entrance standards","author":"Grencik L","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Mortality by occupation and industry among men 20\u201364 years of age: United States, 1950","author":"Guralnick L","year":"1962"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Mortality by occupation and cause of death among men 20\u201364 years of age: United States, 1950","author":"Guralnick L","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","series-title":"(DHEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 76\u2013187)","first-page":"234","volume-title":"Job Stress and the Police Officer","author":"Hurrell JJ","year":"1975"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"350","article-title":"Increased leukemia lymphoma, and spontaneous abortion in Western New York following a flood disaster","volume":"96","author":"Janerich DT","year":"1981","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.71.7.694"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674493537"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"82","volume-title":"Society's Victim: The Policeman","author":"Kroes WH","year":"1976"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"413","article-title":"Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and the occurrence of brain tumors","volume":"27","author":"Lin RS","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"710","article-title":"Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease","volume":"22","author":"Mantel N","year":"1959","journal-title":"JNCI"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01635588109513674"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Occupational mortality in Washington State, 1950\u20131979, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 83\u2013116","author":"Milham S","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4809(74)90010-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/WEFX-85W4-01BX-R73F"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Physical fitness programs for law enforcement officers. 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