{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T01:10:46Z","timestamp":1785892246830,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,19]],"date-time":"2007-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1169164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5862,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Industrial Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper presents the results of an exploratory case\u2010control study of paternal occupation as a risk factor for birth defects in offspring. With the use of a population\u2010based registry in British Columbia, 14,415 liveborn children with birth defects were identified for the period, 1952\u20131973. Two controls were matched to each case by using the birth files of British Columbia. Paternal occupation was obtained from the birth certificate. The analysis included 20 birth defect categories. Paternal occupations found to be associated with an increased odds ratio (OR) of birth defects include janitors [hydrocephalus (OR = 5.04), ventricular septal defects (OR = 2.45), other heart defects (OR = 2.35)], forestry and logging workers [congenital cataract (OR = 2.28), atrial septal defects (OR = 2.03), syndactyly (OR = 2.03)], painters [spina bifida (OR = 3.21), patent ductus arteriosus (OR = 2.34), cleft palate (OR = 3.36)], printers [atresia of the urethra (OR = 4.50), clubfoot (OR = 2.18)], and plywood mill workers [patent ductus arteriosus (OR = 2.52), pyloric stenosis (OR = 4.12), dislocated hip (OR = 2.71)]. This study has several limitations and the results must be viewed with caution. Nonetheless, the study provides new leads for further evaluation of the role of father's occupation in the etiology of birth defects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700200403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,19]],"date-time":"2007-04-19T06:16:43Z","timestamp":1176963403000},"page":"447-475","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Paternal occupation and congenital anomalies in offspring"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Andrew F.","family":"Olshan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kay","family":"Teschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Baird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"Measuring birth defects and handicapping disorders in the population: The British Columbia Health Surveillance Registry","volume":"36","author":"Baird PA","year":"1987","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Aneuploidy.","author":"Bond DJ","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115526"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/316110a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Recognition of Health Hazards in Industry.","author":"Burgess WA","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Industrial Hygiene Aspects of Plant Operations.","author":"Cralley LV","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Parental occupation andbirth defects, a preliminary report","volume":"1","author":"Erickson JD","year":"1979","journal-title":"Contrib Epidemiol Biostat"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1984.03350070021017","article-title":"Vietnam veterans; risks for fathering babies with birth defects","volume":"252","author":"Erickson JD","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1976.tb04210.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113858","article-title":"The Mantel\u2010Haenszel estimator in case\u2010control studies with varying numbers of controls matched to each case","volume":"120","author":"Fleiss JL","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"602","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide in the seminal fluid of treated males: Transmission to females by mating and effect on pregnancy outcome","volume":"27","author":"Hales BF","year":"1986","journal-title":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00378188"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(87)90115-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198302243080804"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700090606"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"322","article-title":"The British Columbia registry for handicapped children and adults: Evolutionary changes over twenty years","volume":"66","author":"Lowry RB","year":"1975","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"329","article-title":"FatherS' occupation and pregnancy outcome","volume":"46","author":"McDonald AD","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Occupational reproductive epidemiology. 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