{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T09:48:44Z","timestamp":1777110524830,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,19]],"date-time":"2007-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1169164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5497,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Industrial Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has found that the evidence for the carcinogenicity of beryllium is sufficient based on animal data but \u201climited\u201d based on human data. This analysis reports on a retrospective cohort mortality study among 9,225 male workers employed at seven beryllium processing facilities for at least 2 days between January 1, 1940, and December 31, 1969. Vital status was ascertained through December 31, 1988. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for lung cancer in the total cohort was 1.26 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12\u20131.42); significant SMRs for lung cancer were observed for two of the oldest plants located in Lorain, Ohio (SMR = 1.69; 95% CI = 1.28\u20132.19) and Reading, Pennsylvania (SMR = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.03\u20131.48). For the overall cohort, significantly elevated SMRs were found for \u201call deaths\u201d (SMR = 1.05; 95% CI = 1.01\u20131.08), \u201cischemic heart disease\u201d (SMR = 1.08; 95% CI = 1.01\u20131.14). \u201cpneumoconiosis and other respiratory diseases\u201d (SMR = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.21\u20131.80), and \u201cchronic and unspecified nephritis, renal failure, and other renal sclerosis\u201d (SMR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.00\u20132.12). Lung cancer SMRs did not increase with longer duration of employment, but did increase with longer latency (time since first exposure). Lung cancer was particularly elevated (SMR = 3.33; 95% CI = 1.66\u20135.95) among workers at the Lorain plant with a history of (primarily) acute beryllium disease, which is associated with very high beryllium exposure. The lung cancer excess was not restricted to plants operating in the 1940s, when beryllium exposures were known to be extraordinarily high. Elevated lung cancer SMRs were also observed for four of the five plants operating in the 1950s for workers hired during that decade. Neither smoking nor geographic location fully explains the increased lung cancer risk. Occupational exposure to beryllium compounds is the most plausible explanation for the increased risk of lung cancer observed in this study. Continued mortality follow\u2010up of this cohort will provide a more definitive assessment of lung cancer risk at the newer plants and among cohort members hired in the 1950s or later at the older plants. Further clarification of the potential for specific beryllium compounds to induce lung cancer in humans, and the possible contribution of other exposures in specific processes at these plants, would require a nested case\u2010control study. We are currently assessing whether available industrial hygiene data would support such an analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700220610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,19]],"date-time":"2007-04-19T23:47:31Z","timestamp":1177026451000},"page":"885-904","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["A mortality study of workers at seven beryllium processing plants"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Ward","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Okun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avima","family":"Ruder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marilyn","family":"Fingerhut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Steenland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700130107"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-198303000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency(1987): \u201cHealth Assessment Document for Beryllium.\u201d Washington D.C.: EPA\/600\/8\u201384\/026F."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(70)80003-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(80)90008-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Smoking in relation to the death rates of one million men and women","volume":"19","author":"Hammond EC","year":"1966","journal-title":"Natl Cancer Inst Monogr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Delayed chemical pneumonitis occurring in workers exposed to beryllium compounds","volume":"28","author":"Hardy H","year":"1946","journal-title":"J Ind Hyg Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"273","article-title":"United States Beryllium Case Registry (1952\u20131966): Review of its methods and utility","volume":"9","author":"Hardy HL","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(80)90005-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Some Metals and Metallic Compounds","volume":"23","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)","year":"1980","journal-title":"IARC Monogr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"360","volume-title":"Pneumoconiosis","author":"Laskin S","year":"1950"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(70)90020-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(80)90007-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-196908000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-198606000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics(1981): \u201cHealth\u2014United States 1981.\u201d DHHS Publication No. (PHS)82\u20131232 pp151\u2013154."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)(1989):OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits. 29 CFR 1910. 1000 Table Z2."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Changes in cigarette smoking and current smoking practices among adults: United States, 1978","volume":"52","author":"Office of Health Research, Statistics, and Technology","year":"1979","journal-title":"Advance Data"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"517","volume-title":"Occupational Medicine: Principles and Practical Applications","author":"Preuss OP","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"RiceC(1988):Final performance report to NIOSH Grant No 1 RO3 OH02375\u201001. Development of methods to estimate beryllium exposure."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"RothmanKJ.BoiceJC(1979):Epidemiologic analysis with a programmable calculator. NIH Publication No. 79\u20131649."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Interpretation of Negative Epidemiologic Evidence for Carcinogenicity","author":"Saracci R","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-198808000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(80)90006-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199011000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/83.19.1380"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"U.S. Census(1950): \u201cCensus of Population.\u201d Characteristics of Population. V. 35: Tables 33 and 41. 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