{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T18:54:19Z","timestamp":1761418459981},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,19]],"date-time":"2007-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1169164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5100,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Industrial Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>National and state estimates of the severity of occupational injuries and illness (severity + lost work time + missed work days + restricted work days) have come from the annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (Survey) produced by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. However, we show that the Survey practice of collecting injury information soon after the accident year reduces substantially the accuracy of missed work day estimates, which constitute 85.3% of the Survey lost work time estimate. To develop an independent estimate of missed work days, the research team created the Michigan Comprehensive Compensable Occupational Injury Database (Michigan Database) by linking state files with injury characteristics to files with workers' compensation information for injuries occurring in 1986. The measure of missed work time (days, weeks, or years) is the cumulative duration of compensation from the \u201cdate disability commenced,\u201d noted on the first payment form, through follow\u2010up to March 1, 1990. Cumulative missed work time has been calculated or estimated for 72.057 injured workers, more than 97% of the 73,609 Michigan workers with compensable occupational injuries in 1986 identified through the close of the study. Our \u201cbest\u201d estimate of missed work days, to follow\u2010up, attributable to both fatal and nonfatal compensable occupational injuries and illnesses is 7,518,784, a figure four times that reported for Michigan by the Survey. When insurance industry data on disbursements are also considered, the estimate of missed work days increases to 8.919,079, a figure 4.75 times that reported by the Survey. When insurance data on reserves for future payments are also considered, the estimate of missed work days increases to 16,103,398, a figure 8.58\u2010fold greater than that obtained for Michigan in the Survey. The Michigan data suggest that the national Survey may have failed to identify almost 373 million of 421 million missed work days in the private sector that have resulted, or will result, from 1986 occupational injuries. The present federal\/state system for estimating occupational injury severity by measuring lost work days seriously underestimates the magnitude of the problem. The current policy of obtaining incidence and severity data from the same Survey should be reconsidered. We recommend that national estimates of injury severity be obtained from representative states by using state compensation data and that such estimates be used to evaluate current prevention and rehabilitation strategies. The redesigned occupational safety and health Survey (ROSH Survey) should be revised to permit linkage to compensation data. \u00a9 1993 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700230202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,20]],"date-time":"2007-04-20T02:18:45Z","timestamp":1177035525000},"page":"231-252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Current methods of estimating severity for occupational injuries and illnesses: Data from the 1986 Michigan comprehensive compensable injury and illness database"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Arthur","family":"Oleinick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth E.","family":"Guire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor M.","family":"Hawthorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Anthony","family":"Schork","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy V.","family":"Gluck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Byoungho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"La","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"American National Standards Institute. Method of Recording Basic Facts Relating to the Nature and Occurrence of Work Injuries. ANSI Z16.2. (R1969)","author":"ANSI","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Workers' Compensation and Work\u2010Related Illnesses and Diseases","author":"Barth PS","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03440220071032"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"BLS(1986):U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. Office of Survey Processing. Supplementary Data System: SDS Operating Manual and Notes to Assist in Classifying Cases."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States by Industry,1986. Bulletin 2308","author":"BLS","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 1: Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry. 1985 and 1986. Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States by Industry,1986. Bulletin 2308","author":"BLS","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"BLS(1988c):U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. Text Table 1: Occupational injury and illness incidence rates per 100 full\u2010time workers 1972\u20131986; Unnumbered table"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Number of lost worktime cases. Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States by Industry","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"BLS(1989):U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. OSH Survey Operating Manual 12\/89."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational Safety and Health Statistics Program Redesign: Regional Commissioners Handbook","author":"BLS","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"BLS(1991):BLS transfers to OSHA responsibility for tracking workplace injuries illnesses [article]. Occupational Safety & Health Reporter 1991; 20(336):1269\u20131270. Washington DC: Bureau of National Affairs."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce. State Population and Household Estimates with Age, Sex, and Components of Change: 1981\u201388. Series P\u201025, No. 1024","author":"Bureau of the Census","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Compensation Advisory Organization of Michigan. Appendix C\u2010I\u2010Section C, Michigan Accident Year Experience Valued as of December 31,1989. The Data Collection Agency Workers Compensation Pure Premium Publication, Effective January 1,1991","author":"CAOM","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Research Methods in Occupational Epidemiology","author":"Checkoway H","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"HenslerDR MarquisMS AbrahamseAF BerrySH EbenerPA LewisEG LindEA MacCounRJ ManningWG RogowskiJA VaianaME. (1991):Compensation for Accidental Injuries in the United States. Report R\u20103999\u2010HHS\/ICJ of The Institute for Civil Justice. Santa Monica CA: RAND."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"HuntHA. (1988):Figure 1: Workers' Compensation Injury Data Distribution. In: \u201cThe Incidence of Workers' Compensation Claims in Michigan: Final Report to Michigan Department of Labor.\u201d Kalamazoo. MI: The W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"10","volume-title":"Vast amount of fraud discovered in workers' compensation system","author":"Kerr P","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Profitably policing workers' comp","author":"Kerr P","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Workmens' Compensation (Desk Ed)","author":"Larson A","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Michigan Department of Labor, Bureau of Workers' Disability Compensation","author":"Mich Dept Labor","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"MIOSHA Information Division, Michigan Department of Labor.\u201c Annual Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Survey Michigan,1986.\u201d Ref. 184068","author":"MIOSHA","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"MIOSHA(1988b):MIOSHA Information Division Michigan Department of Labor. \u201cCompensable Occupational Injuries and Illness Report Michigan 1986.\u201d Ref. 184067. Lansing MI: MIOSHA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"MIOSHA(1988c):MIOSHA Information Division Michigan Department of Labor. Appendix A: Supplementary Data System Occupational Injury and Illness Data Michigan 1986. Compensable Occupational Injuries and Illness Report Michigan 1986. Ref. 184067. Lansing MI: MIOSHA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"MIOSHA(1988d):MIOSHA Information Division Michigan Department of Labor. Table 8: Comparison of Change of Employment and Change in Total Cases by Industry Division Michigan 1986 and 1985. \u201cAnnual Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Survey Michigan 1986.\u201d Ref. #184068. Lansing. MI: MIOSHA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"MIOSHA(1988e):MIOSHA Information Division Michigan Department of Labor. Table 1: Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Incidence Rates by Industry Division Michigan 1986 and 1985; Table 5: Number of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses by Industry Division Michigan 1986 and 1985. \u201cAnnual Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Survey Michigan 1986.\u201d Ref. 184068. Lansing MI: MIOSHA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Annual Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Survey Michigan, 1986. Ref. 184068","author":"MIOSHA","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Annual Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Survey Michigan,1986 Ref. 184068","author":"MIOSHA","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"MIOSHA Information Division, Michigan Department of Labor.\u201c Rules for Selection. Supplementary Data System.\u201d","author":"MIOSHA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Accident Facts,1987","author":"NSC","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"OSHA(1989a):Code of Federal Regulations: Title 29 Part 1094.20. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. See also Bureau of National Affairs S\u2010239. Instructions for Completing OSHA Form No. 200\u2010S 27:1261\u20131264. Washington DC. OSHA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"OSHA(1989b):Code of Federal Regulations: Title 29. Part 1094.2 1094.5. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. See also Bureau of National Affairs S\u2010239: Instructions for Completing OSHA Form No. 200. 27:1251\u20131254. Washington. DC: OSHA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"OSHA(1989c): Bureau of National Affairs. S\u2010239: U.S. Department of Labor. OSHA Form No. 200\u2010S.27:1262. Washington DC: OSHA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","first-page":"1253","article-title":"Bureau of National Affairs, S\u2010239. U.S. Department of Labor: Instructions for Columns 4 and 11","volume":"27","author":"OSHA","year":"1989","journal-title":"OSHA Form No. 200"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Pipe v. Lane(1981):Pipe v. Lane Tool & Die Co. 410Mich510 302NW2nd 526 (1981)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"Van Dorpel v. Haven\u2010Busch(1957): Van Dorpel v. Haven\u2010Busch Company 350 Mich 135 85 N.W.2d 97."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"West Pub. Co.(1985): Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. \u00a7418.311 (Disability or Death) 418.361(2)(3) (Scheduled Injuries) (West 1985 Supp. 1991)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"West Pub. Co.(1991a):Mich. Comp. Laws Ann.\u00a7418.361(1) (West Supp. 1991)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"West Pub. Co.(1991b):Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. \u00a7418.836\u2010.837 (West. 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