{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T09:32:08Z","timestamp":1777109528036,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,19]],"date-time":"2007-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1169164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4250,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Industrial Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lead nephropathy in adults is silent and insidious, characterized by the absence of proteinuria in its early phase. Of the early markers of nephrotoxicity, urinary N\u2010acetyl\u2010\u03b2\u2010D\u2010glucosaminidase (NAG) appears to be the only one that is elevated in early lead nephropathy. However, the elevation in urinary NAG activity may be a response to a sharp increase in renal burden of lead. Its usefulness as a marker of chronic lead nephropathy is thus in doubt. There is a need, then, to identify a reliable early biological indicator of lead\u2010induced kidney damage. Furthermore, there is also a need to identify suitable markers of chronic exposure to describe meaningful dose\u2010response and dose\u2010effect relationships. Traditionally, blood lead (PbB) was used, but the current blood lead level (PbB<jats:sub>rec<\/jats:sub>) is more an indicator of recent exposure. Time\u2010integrated blood lead indices (PbB<jats:sub>int<\/jats:sub>) derived from repeated serial PbB measurements can be used as indices of chronic exposure. In 128 lead\u2010exposed workers, the PbB<jats:sub>int<\/jats:sub> was the most important exposure variable in describing the variability in urinary \u03b1<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2010microglobulin (U\u03b1<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>m), urinary \u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010microglobulin (U\u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>m), and urinary retinol binding protein (URBP). U\u03b1<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>m was the only marker that was significantly higher in the exposed group, with a good dose\u2010response and dose\u2010effect relationship with PbB<jats:sub>int<\/jats:sub>. The lack of dose\u2010response and dose\u2010effect relationships in other studies may be due to inappropriate exposure markers as well as less sensitive response markers. PbB<jats:sub>int<\/jats:sub> has a better correlation than PbB<jats:sub>rec<\/jats:sub>. Furthermore, U\u03b11m may be the most sensitive of the markers because of its higher molecular weight.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700270612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,21]],"date-time":"2007-04-21T13:17:17Z","timestamp":1177161437000},"page":"883-895","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Lead\u2010induced nephropathy: Relationship between various biological exposure indices and early markers of nephrotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"K. S.","family":"Chia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Jeyaratnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. Y.","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. N.","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Repeated measurements of tibia lead concentrations by in vivo x\u2010ray fluorescence in occupational exposure","volume":"49","author":"Armstrong R","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00381609"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"A comparison of concentrations of lead in human tissues","volume":"32","author":"Barry PSI","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1985.143"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(89)90137-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(80)90063-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000184090"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"741","article-title":"Assessment of renal function of workers exposed to inorganic lead, cadmium and mercury vapor","volume":"22","author":"Buchet JP","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"Markers of early renal changes induced by industrial pollutants. II. Application to workers exposed to lead","volume":"50","author":"Cardenas A","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"756","article-title":"Renal tubular function of cadmium exposed workers","volume":"6","author":"Chia KS","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.51.2.125"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-197502000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2215"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700080607"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"631","article-title":"In vivo measurements of lead in bone at four anatomical sites: Long\u2010term occupational and consequent endogenous exposure","volume":"49","author":"Erkkila J","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"186","article-title":"Kidney effects in long\u2010term exposed lead smelter workers","volume":"49","author":"Gerhardsson L","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(84)90306-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(89)90124-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pathological effects of lead","volume":"12","author":"Goyer RA","year":"1973","journal-title":"Int Rev Expt Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2040-2_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"475","article-title":"The relationship of biological indices of lead exposure to the health status of workers in a secondary lead smelter","volume":"22","author":"Hammond PB","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000183080"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(85)90057-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3430898"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"861","article-title":"Estimation of prevalence rate ratios for cross\u2010sectional data: An example in occupational epidemiology","volume":"50","author":"Lee J","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"402","article-title":"A mortality study of lead workers, 1925\u201076","volume":"39","author":"Malcolm D","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.300.6719.230"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-198205000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(62)90116-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(82)90092-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.182.4113.725"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.51.8.505"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1968.10665354"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114146","article-title":"Mortality of lead smelter workers","volume":"122","author":"Selevan SG","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","first-page":"174","article-title":"In vivo tibia lead measurements as an index of cumulative exposure in occupationally exposed subjects","volume":"45","author":"Somervaille LJ","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109305"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700090304"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Industrial Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajim.4700270612","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajim.4700270612","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T19:50:35Z","timestamp":1698349835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajim.4700270612"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,6]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajim.4700270612"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajim.4700270612","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0271-3586","1097-0274"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0271-3586","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0274","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,6]]}}}