{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T04:06:54Z","timestamp":1771301214781,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Industrial Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethylene oxide (EtO) is an occupational carcinogen; however, contemporary exposure scenarios in US workplaces are not well characterized within the literature. We aim to describe EtO exposure trends in the US workplace using historical data from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Chemical Exposure Health Database and the OSHA Information System.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We collated and analyzed air sampling data collected between 1979 and 2020 to characterize exposures across key industries and occupations. We evaluated exposure by industry and occupational category, examined changes in exposures over time, and quantified the proportion of samples that exceeded existing occupational exposure limits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposures generally decreased over time. However, the magnitude and pattern of reductions were not consistent across industries. Within the aggregated dataset, approximately 46% of samples exceeded the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommended exposure limit (NIOSH REL) of 0.1 parts per million (ppm), and approximately 18% of samples exceeded the OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 1\u2009ppm. 70% of samples collected from industrial sterilization workplaces exceeded the NIOSH REL. Exposure data was limited between 2000 and 2020, most notably for the health services and chemical manufacturing industries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Contemporary EtO exposures for key industries and occupational categories are poorly characterized. Still, exposures in the industrial sterilization industry appear higher than in other industries and have proportionally declined the least over time. Additional exposure assessment research and further efforts in occupational risk assessment are important to better understand the health burdens of workers exposed to EtO.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.70008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T08:13:21Z","timestamp":1753085601000},"page":"845-855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ethylene Oxide Measurements From OSHA Workplace Investigations: Patterns in Exposure by Industry, Occupation, and Over Time"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2669-8817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Christensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Health and Health (NIOSH) Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9770-2700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew M.","family":"Dahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Health and Health (NIOSH) Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6764-8395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I\u2010Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Health and Health (NIOSH) Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6020-2646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaitlin","family":"Kelly\u2010Reif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Health and Health (NIOSH) Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1 3\u2010Butadiene Ethylene Oxide and Vinyl Halides (Vinyl Fluoride Vinyl Chloride and Vinyl Bromide) accessed June 15 2024 https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK321405\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"American Chemistry Council (ACC). The Economic Benefits of Ethylene Oxide accessed May 1 2025 https:\/\/www.americanchemistry.com\/industry-groups\/ethylene-oxide\/resources\/the-economic-benefits-of-ethylene-oxide."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"632","article-title":"Ethylene Oxide","volume":"10","author":"Dever J. P.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kirk\u2010Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Statement on Concerns With Medical Device Availability Due to Certain Sterilization Facility Closures accessed January 6 2025 https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/statement-concerns-medical-device-availability-due-certain-sterilization-facility-closures."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Regulatory Review of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Ethylene Oxide Standard 29 CFR 1910.1047.2005."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile for Ethylene Oxide accessed June 15 2024.https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/toxprofiles\/tp137.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational Outlook Handbook October 25 (2024) accessed August 29 2024.https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2011.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-006-0163-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00185868.1978.9954195"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199906000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18926\/amo\/31633"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.13216"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 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