{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T10:08:34Z","timestamp":1771322914036,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Industrial Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Small airways disease is a risk factor for the development of obstructive lung disease and may be present among coal miners without obstructive ventilatory impairment. Our study estimated the prevalence of reduced spirometric mid\u2010expiratory flow among coal miners without obstructive ventilatory impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data were from coal miners participating in the Coal Workers' Health Surveillance Program (CWHSP) during 2014\u20132022 with forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) meeting quality criteria and no missing spirometry parameter values. We defined low forced expiratory flow at 25%\u201375% (FEF\n                      <jats:sub>25%\u201375%<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) as &lt;\u200965% predicted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of FEF\n                      <jats:sub>25%\u201375%<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u200965% predicted among miners without obstructive ventilatory impairment was 7.1% overall, 10.7% among retired miners, and 16.8% among miners with radiographic evidence of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among miners without obstructive ventilatory impairment, reduced mid\u2010expiratory flow was more prevalent in older miners with longer tenure, specifically retired miners. From a surveillance perspective, reduced spirometric mid\u2010expiratory flow can be an early indicator of more serious health problems in coal miners, including obstructive lung disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.70019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T02:45:23Z","timestamp":1756781123000},"page":"1028-1033","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of Reduced Mid\u2010Expiratory Flow Among Coal Workers' Health Surveillance Program Participants"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4335-1700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Kurth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Surveillance Branch, Respiratory Health Division National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Morgantown West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6710-2015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noemi B.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Surveillance Branch, Respiratory Health Division National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Morgantown West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Ansell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Surveillance Branch, Respiratory Health Division National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Morgantown West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Scott Laney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Surveillance Branch, Respiratory Health Division National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Morgantown West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Blackley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Surveillance Branch, Respiratory Health Division National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Morgantown West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000260"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1549451"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753465815588064"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00010410"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/copd.s261732"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Techniques of Assessing Small Airways Dysfunction","volume":"17","author":"McNulty W.","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Clinical Respiratory Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15326\/jcopdf.2021.0241"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22211"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01499-2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2022-108644"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","unstructured":"Department of Health and Human Services U.S. Code of Federal Regulations Title 42. Chapter I. Part 37(Department of Health and Human Services 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) \u201cSpirometry Training Program \u201d National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health accessed May 16 2025 https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/spirometry\/training\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00035205"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.1.9712108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Use of the ILO International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconiosis","author":"International Labour Office","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32552\/2023.ActaMedica.928"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Industrial Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajim.70019","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ajim.70019","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajim.70019","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T09:12:36Z","timestamp":1771319556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajim.70019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajim.70019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajim.70019","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0271-3586","1097-0274"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0271-3586","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0274","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}