{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T07:46:07Z","timestamp":1791445567681,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Industrial Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Work exposure\u2010related declines in lung function among aluminum smelter workers are well documented, yet task\u2010varying exposures are likely to contribute differently to respiratory outcomes. This study aimed to assess the association between potroom exposure and lung function changes over time among aluminum smelter workers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A retrospective review of spirometric assessments of 265 potroom workers and their exposure to sulfur dioxide (SO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and fluoride was conducted. Cumulative exposure was described through job exposure matrices by job titles and exposure across the lifetime of employment. Associations between exposure and lung function were determined using mixed\u2010effect models and a 1\u2010year lag exposure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Exposures were within the prescribed occupational exposure limits. SO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      was highest in the maintenance section (mean: 0.4\u2009ppm [range 0.3\u20130.5\u2009ppm]), while the process control section (mean: 1.1\u2009mg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      [range 0.04\u20132.6\u2009mg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ]) had the highest level of fluoride. Among those workers who contributed lung function measures at each of the 10 years (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200998), there was a decline in the percentpredicted forced expiratory volume in 1\u2009second\/forced vital capacity ratio (FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/FVC) of 0.21% (95% CI: 0.35\u20130.07). Within the entire sample, there was an estimated decline of 2.9% (95% CI: \u22123.9 to \u22121.9) and 0.15% (95% CI: \u22120.23 to \u22120.07) in percentage\u2010predicted FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/FVC, associated with cumulative SO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and cumulative fluoride exposure, respectively. A 1\u2010year lagged decline was also seen for the FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/FVC ratio for both pollutants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and fluoride exposure in aluminum smelting is associated with statistically significant lung function declines over the years of exposure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.70023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T01:58:28Z","timestamp":1759543108000},"page":"1053-1061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sulfur Dioxide\u2010 and Fluoride\u2010Associated Declines in Lung Function Over an 11\u2010Year Observation Among Aluminum Smelter Workers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Edite Macaringue","family":"Raja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Occupational and Environmental Health University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujatha","family":"Hariparsad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Occupational and Environmental Health University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9395-3833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajen N.","family":"Naidoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Occupational and Environmental Health University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000197876.31901.f5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/139.4.1042"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Ultrafine Particle (UFP) Exposures in an Aluminium Smelter: Soderberg vs. Prebake Potrooms","volume":"1","author":"Debia M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environment and Pollution"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-002-0398-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-105908"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1850"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.39.10.743"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1983.127.4.465"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2357-0121.199355"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199905)35:5<491::AID-AJIM6>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1850"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004200000180"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/jom.0000000000000105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18176\/jiaci.0974"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","volume-title":"Systematic Review of Occupational Aluminium Exposure and Adverse Health Conditions","author":"Ferguson G.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22492"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199803)33:3<305::AID-AJIM13>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","unstructured":"C.Husband G.McMahon andP.Veen. 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