{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T04:16:05Z","timestamp":1783656965077,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Industrial Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Occupational epidemiology has played a central role in identifying workplace hazards and informing prevention. However, its focus on discrete exposures, bounded worksites, and linear models is insufficient to capture how contemporary work shapes health. Many risks arise not from isolated hazards, but from cumulative, interacting exposures generated by work organization that extend beyond the workplace and accumulate across working life. This paper proposes the\n                    <jats:italic>Epidemiology of Working Life<\/jats:italic>\n                    (EWL) as a framework for reorganizing occupational health science. Anchored in the working\u2010life\u2010exposome, EWL centers analysis on work\u2010structured exposure systems\u2014structures that generate recurring configurations of co\u2010occurring exposures under specific employment conditions. EWL changes what counts as exposure, how risk is analyzed, and where prevention can act. Rather than treating work as a setting of discrete hazards, EWL treats it as a system that generates and distributes risk across working life. EWL shifts the unit of inference from individual hazards to recurring exposure configurations and the systems that generate them. This shift enables earlier detection of risk and identifies intervention points that reduce multiple harms simultaneously\u2014less visible in hazard\u2010by\u2010hazard approaches. EWL yields three prevention\u2010oriented outputs: (1) recurrent exposure configurations associated with elevated risk, (2) upstream drivers that generate and sustain them, and (3) early\u2010warning indicators for anticipatory intervention. Proof\u2010of\u2010concept scenarios illustrate how EWL reveals prevention opportunities obscured when exposures are examined in isolation. By centering occupational health science on work\u2010structured exposure systems, EWL strengthens alignment between epidemiological evidence and prevention in contexts where risks are cumulative, interacting, and structured by employment conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.70095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T07:45:15Z","timestamp":1779781515000},"page":"587-600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Epidemiology of Working Life: Reorganizing Occupational Health Science Around Work\u2010Structured Exposure Systems"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8295-5577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yorghos","family":"Apostolopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Prolepsis: Partners in Prevention Inc. 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