{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:14:41Z","timestamp":1789168481657,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Industrial Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    India's workforce at the human\u2013animal interface represents one of the world's largest occupationally\u2010exposed populations, yet operates without enforceable biological hazard protections. A statutory analysis of India's consolidated labor codes identifies a critical\n                    <jats:italic>compensation\u2013prevention disconnect<\/jats:italic>\n                    : zoonotic diseases are recognized as compensable conditions under the Code on Social Security (2020), while the industries generating these exposures are excluded from the \u201chazardous process\u201d classifications of the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code (2020) that trigger mandatory prevention. This bifurcation is a product of administrative logic: social insurance scales to the informal economy, while traditional inspection\u2010based compliance does not. The resulting disease burden is quantifiable and specific. Seroprevalence evidence across nine zoonoses confirms sustained, preventable exposure: brucellosis at 15.8% among animal handlers, leptospirosis at 46.3% in high\u2010risk agricultural workers, and avian influenza H9N2 at 6.2% among poultry workers. This workforce represents an unmonitored sentinel population at the human\u2010animal interface\u2014precisely where early signals of zoonotic spillover would appear first and, in the absence of any surveillance mandate, go undetected. Despite these gaps, the existing statutory framework contains the executive authority to resolve the disconnect. Executive notification under the OSH Code can activate employer duties in the formal sector. For the informal majority, constitutional and statutory mandates establish a State duty of care, deliverable through India's digital public infrastructure (DPI) and existing public health financing. This framework offers a replicable model for low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries to convert occupational biosecurity from a compensation liability into a prevention entitlement.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.70115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T03:01:11Z","timestamp":1784084471000},"page":"787-802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Occupational Zoonotic Risk at India's Human\u2010Animal Interface: Statutory Origins and a Regulatory Pathway for the Compensation\u2010Prevention Disconnect"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Laxit K.","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited Ahmedabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2010.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imj.2025.100184"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100595"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-012-0209-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementations G of I.Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2023\u20102024.2024 accessed March 30 2026 https:\/\/www.mospi.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/publication_reports\/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","unstructured":"Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD).Annual Report 2024\u201025.2025 accessed April 4 2026 https:\/\/dahd.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/2025-05\/Annual-Report202425.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","volume-title":"Press Release: Employment in the Country Increased to 64.33 crore in 2023\u201024, up from 47.5 crore in 2017\u201018: KLEMS Database","author":"Ministry of Labour & Employment","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","volume-title":"Press Release: National Programme for Dairy Development","author":"Ministry of Fisheries Animal Husbandry & Dairying","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","volume-title":"The Code on Social Security, 2020","author":"Ministry of Labour and Employment","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","volume-title":"The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 NO. 37 OF 2020","author":"Ministry of Law and Justice","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","unstructured":"International Labour Organization. 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