{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]],"date-time":"2023-10-22T04:20:43Z","timestamp":1697948443477},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,5]],"date-time":"2005-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5818,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am. J. Med. Genet."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is well established that there is genetic heterogeneity between a human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)\u2010DR3\u2010associated allele and an HLA\u2010DR4\u2010associated allele in insulin\u2010dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Equally well established are the association of DR3 with Graves' disease and other autoimmune disorders in nondiabetics and the increased prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease in IDDM. Perhaps in large part because of these facts, it has been postulated that there are two major forms of classical IDDM\u2014one form characterized by coexistent autoimmune disease, such as autoimmune thyroid disease which is associated with DR3, and another form not associated with additional autoimmune disorders, which is associated with DR4. Several studies have repudiated the idea of specific clinical findings in IDDM being associated exclusively with DR4. However, the DR3\u2010thyroid association in IDDM has not been investigated carefully. Therefore, in order to study this putative association, we divided a group of diabetic children into overlapping subgroups based on thyroid enlargement, antithyroid microsomal antibodies, acquired hypothyroidism, and no evidence of thyroid disease. The distributions of HLA\u2010DR3 and \u2010DR4 among these subgroups did not differ from each other; nor did the distribution of the HLA alleles differ from those of randomly selected IDDM individuals. These results suggest that thyroid autoimmunity in IDDM is part of the IDDM \u201csyndrome\u201d and is associated with DR3 and DR4 to the same extent that IDDM without thyroid disease is associated with these two antigens. Thus, although genetic studies are consistent with the heterogeneity between DR3 and DR4 in IDDM, there is no HLA\u2010thyroid disease association to support this heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320330324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,12]],"date-time":"2005-06-12T03:05:12Z","timestamp":1118545512000},"page":"405-408","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Autoimmune thyroid phenomena are not evidence for human lymphocyte antigen\u2010genetic heterogeneity in insulin\u2010dependent diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"David B.","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerome 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