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We describe an additional 16 such patients plus 3 families where a close relative of a TS proband had autism. There was a high frequency of alcoholism, drug abuse, obsessive\u2013compulsive, and other behavior disorders in the relatives of these patients. This frequency was virtually identical to that observed in relatives of individuals with TS only. We suggest there is an intimate genetic, neuropathologic relatedness between some cases of PDD and TS. Many observations have led us to suggest that the genetic defect in TS may be a mutation of tryptophan oxygenase and that TS is inherited as a semidominant semirecessive trait, i.e., homozygosity for a common gene which shows some expression in the heterozygous state. We propose that some types of PDD are inherited in the same fashion and by the same gene. This would explain the similarity of symptoms, frequent evolution of PDD into TS, the apparent recessive inheritance of PDD despite no increase in consanguinity, the high frequency of behavior problems in the relatives of PDD\u2192TS patients and the serotonin abnormalities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320390213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,12]],"date-time":"2005-06-12T03:21:32Z","timestamp":1118546492000},"page":"180-191","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Clinical and genetic relationships between autism\u2010pervasive developmental disorder and Tourette syndrome: A study of 19 cases"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"David E.","family":"Comings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda G.","family":"Comings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01837709"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-198312000-00012","article-title":"Coincident infantile autism and Tourette syndrome: A case report","volume":"4","author":"Barabas G","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1961.tb13512.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03440150063027","article-title":"Allelic association of human dopamine D2 receptor gene in alcoholism","volume":"263","author":"Blum K","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01531680"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1177\/070674378403000115","article-title":"Tourette syndrome, atypical pervasive developmental disorder and Ganser syndrome in a 15\u2010year\u2010old, visually impaired, mentally retarded boy","volume":"30","author":"Burd L","year":"1985","journal-title":"Can J Psychiat"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(88)80049-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(10)60016-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198703000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.3.472"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01531306"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"804","article-title":"A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. 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