{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:56:10Z","timestamp":1787169370639,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,3]],"date-time":"2005-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4567,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am. J. Med. Genet."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Limb deficiency may occur in offspring prenatally exposed to alcohol. In a study on limb deficiency occurring in 1,213,913 consecutive liveborn infants in British Columbia, born in the years 1952\u20131984, a total of 659 cases with limb deficiency was identified. Cases with documented maternal alcohol abuse in pregnancy in this group were analyzed separately. We found eight cases with severe prenatal alcohol exposure (6 F, 2 M). In six of the eight cases a terminal transverse defect of the forearm or hand was present. In the remaining two cases ulnar defects were identified. These observations give further support to the hypothesis that intrauterine alcohol exposure may cause limb defects. This has also been demonstrated in experimental animals. Terminal transverse defects made up a larger proportion of cases with known alcohol exposure (6\/8) than of cases where alcohol exposure was not noted (217\/651) (\u03c7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 6.13;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.025) in this study. The defects primarily involved the right hand and forearm. This suggests a vascular origin of the limb defects after intrauterine alcohol exposure. \u00a9 1992 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320440612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,11]],"date-time":"2005-06-11T12:38:31Z","timestamp":1118493511000},"page":"782-785","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Congenital defects of the limbs and alcohol exposure in pregnancy: Data from a population based study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Ursula G.","family":"Froster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Baird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(83)90101-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"Measuring birth defects and handicapping disorders in the population: The British Columbia Health Surveillance Registry","volume":"136","author":"Baird PA","year":"1987","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320260424"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420150303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00971818"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420390205"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420410104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00496080"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(82)80343-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.63B4.7197678","article-title":"Bone fusion in the fetal alcohol syndrome","volume":"63","author":"Jaffer Z","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)91092-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(16)33334-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1111892"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Die Alkohol embryopathie","author":"Majewski F","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"929","article-title":"Klippel\u2010Feil malformation complex in fetal alcohol syndrome","volume":"132","author":"Neidengard L","year":"1978","journal-title":"Dis Child"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"579","article-title":"Genetic investigations on alcohol metabolism and of alcoholism","volume":"43","author":"Omenn GS","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420330304"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"The orthopedic aspects of the fetal alcohol syndrome","volume":"139","author":"Spiegel PG","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin Orthopaed Rel Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"328","article-title":"Fetal alcohol syndrome: Orthopedic considerations","volume":"23","author":"Tredwell SJ","year":"1981","journal-title":"BC Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"687","article-title":"Major skeletal defects in the fetal alcohol syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Van Rensburg LJ","year":"1981","journal-title":"SA Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision","author":"WHO","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"WongN(1983):Fetal alcohol syndrome in British Columbia. 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