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The present investigation was designed to examine the teratogenicity of OA administered acutely at early post\u2010implantation stages in mice, with particular emphasis on the pathogenetic basis of induced malformations. Maternal OA administration on gestational day (GD) 7 or 8 resulted in excessive cell death in selected cell populations. After a single dose of 2\u20134 mg\/kg, excessive amounts of cell death was notable within 6 hours, and persisted to 36 hours post\u2010treatment. As observed in GD 14 or 18 fetuses, the spectrum of induced craniofacial malformations included exencephaly, midfacial clefting, cleft lip, as well as hypotelorism, and synophthalmia associated with holoprosencephaly. Body wall defects involved either the abdominal wall alone, or in combination with the thoracic wall, resulting in partial or complete exposure of the viscera. Potential mechanisms for OA\u2010induced selective cell killing are discussed. \u00a9 1993 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320470613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,11]],"date-time":"2005-06-11T16:41:37Z","timestamp":1118508097000},"page":"862-871","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Pathogenesis of craniofacial and body wall malformations induced by ochratoxin A in mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen K.","family":"Sulik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.108.1.73","article-title":"Retinoic acid\u2010induced spina bifida: evidence for a pathogenetic mechanism","volume":"108","author":"Alles AJ","year":"1990","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588702400510"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(76)90096-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(85)90101-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2797(83)90160-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(84)90170-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01660747"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"277","article-title":"Ethanol induces the generation of reactive free radicals by neural crest cells in vitro","volume":"10","author":"Davis WL","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"295","article-title":"Generation of radical oxygen species by neural crest cells treated in vitro with isotretinoin and 4\u2010oxo\u2010isotretinoin","volume":"10","author":"Davis WL","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0670707"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(87)90302-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0015-6264(79)90158-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(89)90225-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(90)90216-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-4520.1986.tb00654.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420090112"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420130103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320440210"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"509","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase diminishes teratogenicity of ethanol in mouse whole embryo culture","volume":"45","author":"Kotch LE","year":"1992","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"KotchLE SulikKK(1993):Role of oxygen toxicity in ethanol\u2010induced teratogenicity(submitted)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y90-151"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(82)90028-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"1269","article-title":"The development of segmentation in the cranial region of vertebrate embryos","volume":"3","author":"Meier SP","year":"1982","journal-title":"Scan Electr Micros"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-0436.1982.tb01202.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(88)90662-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.116.2.297","article-title":"Vital dye analysis of cranial neural crest cell migration in the mose embryo","volume":"116","author":"Serbedzija GN","year":"1992","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"186","volume-title":"Craniofacial Malformations","author":"Stricker M","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(81)90031-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Use of chick embryo for prediction of embryonic effects of mycotoxins in mammals","volume":"36","author":"Vesely D","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet Med Praha"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"WeiX SulikKK(1993):Ochratoxin A (OA) in chicken embryos: pathogenesis and mechanisms of malformations. 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