{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T21:33:52Z","timestamp":1792359232531,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,7]],"date-time":"2005-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1118102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3918,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am. J. Med. Genet."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Most significant variations in the expression of human sexuality are considered to be the result of learned behavior or psychological problems. Tourette syndrome (TS) is a common, hereditary tic and disinhibition disorder sometimes associated with compulsive use of obscene words (coprolalia) and previously reported to be occasionally associated with exhibitionism. To further explore the relationship between the\n                    <jats:italic>Gts<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes and sexual behavior, questions concerning a wide range of such behaviors were administered to 1,040 subjects, 14 years of age or older, consisting of 358 TS probands, 101 non\u2010proband relatives with TS, 359 non\u2010TS first degree relatives, 79 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) probands, 70 unaffected relatives of the ADHD probands, and 73 controls. The behaviors included magnitude of sex drive, sex orientation, exhibitionism, transvestitism, transsexualism, sadism, masochism, pedophilia, fetishism, aversion to being touched, and aversion to sex. While most of these behaviors occurred in a distinct minority of TS subjects, there was a significant positive correlation between each behavior examined and the degree of genetic loading for the\n                    <jats:italic>Gts<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene(s). The nature of these behaviors and their association with TS suggests many are variants of obsessive\u2010compulsive disorder. Studies in animals indicate that changes in serotonin and dopamine play a significant role in the sexual behavior and many lines of evidence are consistent with the hypothesis that TS is due to genetic changes in serotoun and dopamine metabolism. These studies suggest that genetic factors play a much greater role in a wide range of forms of sexual expression than previously thought. \u00a9 1994 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320540309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,11]],"date-time":"2005-06-11T13:52:51Z","timestamp":1118497971000},"page":"227-241","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Role of genetic factors in human sexual behavior based on studies of tourette syndrome and ADHD probands and their relatives"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"David E.","family":"Comings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/360407a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.15.7199"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(197907)35:3<671::AID-JCLP2270350335>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3001775"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.07.030184.002213"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810360053008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.8.1089c"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199007000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Psychiatric Aspects of Neurologic Disease","author":"Blumer D","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Tourette's Syndrome and Tic Disorders: Clinical Understanding and Treatment","author":"Bruun RD","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1977.tb00161.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01067668"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3001616"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.139.7.913"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198403000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"586","article-title":"Detection of major gene for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Comings DE","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"435","article-title":"Tourette syndrome: clinical and psychological aspects of 250 cases","volume":"37","author":"Comings DE","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"839","article-title":"A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. 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