{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T16:05:11Z","timestamp":1762099511273},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,5]],"date-time":"2001-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":986428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am. J. Med. Genet."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genes influence the development of anxiety disorders, but the specific loci involved are not known. Genetic association studies of anxiety disorders are complicated by the complexity of the phenotypes and the difficulty in identifying appropriate candidate loci. We have begun to examine the genetics of behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar (BI), a heritable temperamental predisposition that is a developmental and familial risk factor for panic and phobic disorders. Specific loci associated with homologous phenotypes in mouse models provide compelling candidate genes for human BI. We conducted family\u2010based association analyses of BI using four genes derived from genetic studies of mouse models with features of behavioral inhibition. The sample included families of 72 children classified as inhibited by structured behavioral assessments. We observed modest evidence of association (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.05) between BI and the glutamic acid decarboxylase gene (65 kDA isoform), which encodes an enzyme involved in GABA synthesis. No significant evidence of association was observed for the genes encoding the adenosine A<jats:sub>1A<\/jats:sub> receptor, the adenosine A<jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub> receptor, or preproenkephalin. This study illustrates the potential utility of using candidate genes derived from mouse models to dissect the genetic basis of BI, a possible intermediate phenotype for panic and phobic disorders. \u00a9 2001 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T22:25:53Z","timestamp":1030314353000},"page":"226-235","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Genetic association analysis of behavioral inhibition using candidate loci from mouse models"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Jordan W.","family":"Smoller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerrold F.","family":"Rosenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Biederman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa S.","family":"Susswein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerome","family":"Kagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Snidman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Laird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming T.","family":"Tsuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen V.","family":"Faraone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alysandra","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan A.","family":"Slaugenhaupt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"93","volume-title":"Perspectives on behavioral inhibition","author":"Adamec R","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(90)90005-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(73)80065-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(97)00003-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810130023004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199307000-00016","article-title":"A 3\u2010year follow\u2010up of children with and without behavioral inhibition","volume":"32","author":"Biederman J","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/418981"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01749.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7939668"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350370205"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320600414"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790090027004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(87)90057-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.8.1096"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004390050366"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145798001217"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000345"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/8.4.621"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-6383(94)90032-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7660127"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1197-250"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Nomenclature and classification of purinoceptors","volume":"46","author":"Fredholm B","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810150052009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950190046007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-7154(1996)2:4<173::AID-ANXI3>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025653812535"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.109.4.631"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1995.tb16421.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1129793"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130685"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3353713"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.44.4.668"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","volume-title":"Galen's prophecy","author":"Kagan J","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06171.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09316.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.19.8337"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.4.1698"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19960726)67:4<401::AID-AJMG14>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820040025003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170002849X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000507"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19980328)81:2<139::AID-AJMG4>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/383535a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/9642"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2272(2000)19:1 <::AID-GEPI6>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/41771"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302782"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(93)90019-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379504000206","article-title":"Behavioural inhibition, attachment and anxiety in children of mothers with anxiety disorders","volume":"40","author":"Mannasis K","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anxi.3070010406"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110026004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03165.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00481.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-199322000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.10.1367"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000515"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800030037004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00108-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(96)80010-1","article-title":"Pharmacology of adenosine A2A receptors","volume":"17","author":"Ongini E","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(97)85177-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1993.tb02957.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000022918"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130344"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/2.2.159"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5281.1516"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.28.6.1030","article-title":"The heritability of inhibited and uninhibited behavior: a twin study","volume":"28","author":"Robinson J","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.4.475"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229309017052"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","article-title":"A controlled study of behavioral inhibition in children of parents with panic disorder and depression","author":"Rosenbaum J","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021427314941"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229309017080"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2302(199703)30:2<127::AID-DEV4>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_1","first-page":"322","article-title":"Functional impairment in social phobia","volume":"55","author":"Schneier FR","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.4.12-tac-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.9.1152"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(98)01270-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_1","first-page":"506","article-title":"Transmission test for linkage disequilibrium: the insulin gene region and insulin\u2010dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)","volume":"52","author":"Spielman R","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_1","first-page":"983","article-title":"The TDT and other family\u2010based tests for linkage disequilibrium and association","volume":"59","author":"Spielman R","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.1.90","article-title":"A direct\u2010interview family study of generalized social phobia","volume":"155","author":"Stein M","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19970418)74:2<199::AID-AJMG17>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_1","volume-title":"Anxiety: new research and changing concepts","author":"Suomi S","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(99)00011-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/6825"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/520"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790090047007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02244948"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_89_1","volume-title":"Panic disorder: clinical, biological, and treatment aspects","author":"Uhde T","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.4.470"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19980508)81:3<228::AID-AJMG5>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08916939508993360"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_93_1","first-page":"2200","article-title":"Dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the PENK locus","volume":"18","author":"Weber J","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nucl Acids Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820220017003"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Medical Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajmg.1328","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajmg.1328","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]],"date-time":"2023-11-19T16:08:21Z","timestamp":1700410101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajmg.1328"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,5]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajmg.1328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.1328","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-7299","1096-8628"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-7299","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-8628","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,5]]}}}