{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T12:04:41Z","timestamp":1763035481193},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,6,1]],"date-time":"2001-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":991353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am. J. Med. Genet."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although the mode of inheritance remains in doubt, twin and family studies conducted mostly in the United States and western Europe suggest that genetic factors play an important role in the transmission and expression of Tourette syndrome (TS). In an effort to evaluate population\u2010based genetic differences, we generated risk estimates for first\u2010degree relatives of TS probands in Japan using methods similar to those utilized in recent Western studies. The subjects were 52 TS probands seen at an outpatient clinic of Tokyo University Hospital and their 165 first\u2010degree relatives. All probands and one or more first\u2010degree relatives in each family were interviewed concerning the presence of tic and obsessive\u2010compulsive symptoms by expert clinicians. The age\u2010corrected rates of TS, chronic motor tics, obsessive\u2010compulsive disorder, and subclinical obsessive\u2010compulsive symptoms in the first\u2010degree relatives were 2.0%, 12.0%, 1.6%, and 7.0%, respectively. Rates of TS and related disorders in Japan appear to be much lower than those in recent Western family studies. If replicated, these data suggest that there may be differences in the nature and frequency of vulnerable alleles for TS and related disorders in the Japanese compared to European populations. \u00a9 2001 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T22:27:40Z","timestamp":1030314460000},"page":"414-421","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["A family study of Tourette syndrome in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Yukiko","family":"Kano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masataka","family":"Ohta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Nagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Pauls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James F.","family":"Leckman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(05)70319-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19991215)88:6<669::AID-AJMG17>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatry Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19990820)88:4<437::AID-AJMG24>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.1999.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Advances in neurology, vol. 58, Tourette syndrome: genetics, neurobiology, and treatment","author":"Comings DE","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.162.5.593"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110054008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","first-page":"682","article-title":"Intermediate inheritance of Tourette syndrome, assuming assortative mating","volume":"57","author":"Hasstedt SJ","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","first-page":"1261","article-title":"Generalized tics developing in patients with infantile autism","volume":"31","author":"Kano Y","year":"1989","journal-title":"Seishin\u2010igaku"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.1997.tb02599.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","first-page":"267","article-title":"A family study of Tourette's disorder in Japan","volume":"9","author":"Kano Y","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Sci Med Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004390050809"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","first-page":"271","volume-title":"Advances in neurology, vol. 35, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","author":"Kondo K","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290080001001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199003000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01508.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.7.911"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.1995.tb01875.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","first-page":"649","article-title":"An epidemiological study of tics","volume":"44","author":"Nomoto F","year":"1990","journal-title":"Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198610163151604"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1981.01780350025002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","first-page":"154","article-title":"A family study of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Pauls DL","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199309000-00025"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","first-page":"194","volume-title":"Tourette's syndrome: tics, obsessions, compulsions","author":"Pauls DL","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Genetics and child psychiatry. 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