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These three cases shared a single complex multiventricular heart, one with a four chambered heart with one atrium and one ventricle belonging to each twin with complex venous and arterial connection; two had a seven chambered heart with four atria and three ventricles. The mono\u2010cephalus diprosopus twins had a single heart with tetralogy of Fallot. The dicephalus twins had two separate axial skeletons to the sacrum, two separate hearts were connected between the right atria with a shared inferior vena cava. Thoracopagus twinning is associated with complex cardiac malformations. The cardiac anlagen in cephalopagus or diprosopus are diverted and divided along with the entire rostral end of the embryonic disc and result in two relatively normal shared hearts. However, in thoracopagus twins the single heart is multiventricular and suggests very early union with fusion of the cardiac anlagen before significant differentiation. Cardiac morphogenesis in conjoined twins therefore appears to depend on the site of the conjoined fusion and the temporal and spatial influence that determines morphogenesis as well as abnormally oriented embryonic axes. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.10195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,23]],"date-time":"2003-07-23T10:12:06Z","timestamp":1058955126000},"page":"568-582","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Conjoined twins: Morphogenesis of the heart and a review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"120A","author":[{"given":"Enid","family":"Gilbert\u2010Barness","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Debich\u2010Spicer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Opitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5133.1313"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-9514-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420410103"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197306142882406"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.4.827"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4373","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.21.4373","article-title":"Left\u2013right pattern of cardiac BMP4 may drive asymmetry of the heart in zebrafish","volume":"124","author":"Chen J\u2010N","year":"1997","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_8_1","first-page":"74","article-title":"Obstetric significance of fetal craniofacial duplication. 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