{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T23:58:58Z","timestamp":1771631938070,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]],"date-time":"2019-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J of Med Genetics Pt A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a genetic anomaly involving the presence of one or more supernumerary X chromosomes in male individuals. In the cognitive profile of these individuals, strengths are found in nonverbal abilities, whereas weaknesses are observed in executive function, language, and academic performance. Our study is based on a comparison between eight children diagnosed with KS (47,XXY) (age range: 9\u201313\u2009years; IQ range: 80\u2013123), with no delay in language development, and eight typically developing (TD) controls. We explored a range of high\u2010level language competencies and Theory of Mind (ToM) in addition to basic language competency. High\u2010level language competencies were assessed by a battery that measures pragmatic language skills and a metaphor comprehension test (MCT). To assess ToM, we administered the corresponding subtest of the NEPSY II. Basic language competence was assessed by the NEPSY II Comprehension of Instructions subtest. Although basic language performance did not differentiate the individuals with KS from the TD controls, relevant differences appeared in some of the high\u2010level language competencies as well as in the ToM task. All tasks in which the individuals with KS performed less well were characterized by complex inferential processes. Some possible clinical and educational implications are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]],"date-time":"2019-01-09T04:20:00Z","timestamp":1547007600000},"page":"183-189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["High\u2010level language competencies and Theory of Mind in a group of children with Klinefelter syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"179","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0768-9192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Melogno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Socialization Psychology Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology \u201cNiccol\u00e1 Cusano\u201d Telematic University, Rome, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi, 3  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Antonietta","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Socialization Psychology Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"Badolato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Sist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Socialization Psychology Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Orsolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental and Socialization Psychology Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Tarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820802051788"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02150.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820410001723390"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1954"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2779(2000)6:2<107::AID-MRDD4>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327868ms1004_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361316668652"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/09-0006)"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-2014(86)80024-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","volume-title":"NEPSY II: A developmental neuropsychological assessment","author":"Korkman M.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(89)90038-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617711000312"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2009.03545.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","volume-title":"Abilit\u00e0 Pragmatiche nel linguaggio. APL Medea","author":"Lorusso M. L.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199103000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2012.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7070085"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/026151005X26732"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","volume-title":"TCM. Test di comprensione delle metafore. Scuola elementare e media","author":"Pinto M. A.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32232"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0719"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949602900208"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.36483"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Life span development in Klinefelter syndrome, life span development in genetic disorders: Behavioral and neurobiological aspects","author":"Tarani L.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(03)00061-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12134"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12203"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12203"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaq018"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130028"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","volume-title":"Wechsler intelligence scale for children","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","volume-title":"Test of language competence\u2010expanded edition (TLC\u2010E)","author":"Wiig E. H.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","volume-title":"The point of the words","author":"Winner E.","year":"1988"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajmg.a.12","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajmg.a.12","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ajmg.a.12","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajmg.a.12","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T05:59:29Z","timestamp":1694325569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajmg.a.12"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajmg.a.12"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.a.12","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-4825","1552-4833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-4825","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4833","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-12-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-11-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-01-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}