{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T12:51:06Z","timestamp":1761310266775},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,10]],"date-time":"2005-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1115683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J of Med Genetics Pt A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Repairing DNA damage is critical during embryogenesis because development involves sensitive periods of cell proliferation, and abnormal cell growth or death can result in malformations. Knockout mouse experiments have demonstrated that disruption of DNA repair genes results in embryolethality and structural defects. Studies using mid\u2010organogenesis rat embryos showed that DNA repair genes were variably expressed. It is hypothesized that polymorphisms that alter the functionality of DNA repair enzymes may modify the risk of malformations. We conducted a case\u2010control analysis to investigate the relationship between DNA repair gene polymorphisms and the risk of spina bifida and oral clefts. Newborn screening blood spot DNA was obtained for 250 cases (125 spina bifida, 125 oral clefts) identified by the California Birth Defects Monitoring Program, and 350 non\u2010malformation controls identified from birth records. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms of five DNA repair genes representing three distinct repair pathways were interrogated including: <jats:italic>XRCC1 (Arg399Gln)<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>APE1 (Asp148Glu)<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>XRCC3 (Thr241Met)<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>hOGG1(Ser326Cys)<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>XPD (Asp312Asn, Lys751Gln)<\/jats:italic>. Elevated or decreased odds ratios (OR, adjusted for race\/ethnicity) for spina bifida were found for genotypes containing at least one copy of the variant allele for <jats:italic>XPD<\/jats:italic> [751Gln, OR\u2009=\u20091.62; 95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u20091.05\u20132.50] and <jats:italic>APE<\/jats:italic> 148 (OR\u2009=\u20090.58; CI\u2009=\u20090.37\u20130.90). A decreased risk of oral clefts was found for <jats:italic>XRCC3<\/jats:italic> (OR\u2009=\u20090.62; CI\u2009=\u20090.39\u20130.99) and <jats:italic>hOGG1<\/jats:italic> (326 Cys\/Cys, OR\u2009=\u20090.22; CI\u2009=\u20090.06\u20130.78). This study suggested that polymorphisms of DNA repair genes, representing different major repair pathways, may affect risk of two major birth defects. Future, larger studies, examining additional repair genes, birth defects, and interaction with exposures are recommended. \u00a9 2005 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.30713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,10]],"date-time":"2005-05-10T18:19:17Z","timestamp":1115749157000},"page":"268-273","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes as risk factors for spina bifida and orofacial clefts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"135A","author":[{"given":"Andrew 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