{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T05:41:29Z","timestamp":1791092489448,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,27]],"date-time":"2005-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1135641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J of Med Genetics Pt A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ancient Egypt was one of the most advanced and productive civilizations in antiquity, spanning 3000 years before the \u201cChristian\u201d era. Ancient Egyptians built colossal temples and magnificent tombs to honor their gods and religious leaders. Their hieroglyphic language, system of organization, and recording of events give contemporary researchers insights into their daily activities. Based on the record left by their art, the ancient Egyptians documented the presence of dwarfs in almost every facet of life. Due to the hot dry climate and natural and artificial mummification, Egypt is a major source of information on achondroplasia in the old world. The remains of dwarfs are abundant and include complete and partial skeletons. Dwarfs were employed as personal attendants, animal tenders, jewelers, and entertainers. Several high\u2010ranking dwarfs especially from the Old Kingdom (2700\u20132190 BCE) achieved important status and had lavish burial places close to the pyramids. Their costly tombs in the royal cemeteries and the inscriptions on their statutes indicate their high\u2010ranking position in Egyptian society and their close relation to the king. Some of them were Seneb, Pereniankh, Khnumhotpe, and Djeder. There were at least two dwarf gods, Ptah and Bes. The god Ptah was associated with regeneration and rejuvenation. The god Bes was a protector of sexuality, childbirth, women, and children. He was a favored deity particularly during the Greco\u2010Roman period. His temple was recently excavated in the Baharia oasis in the middle of Egypt. The burial sites and artistic sources provide glimpses of the positions of dwarfs in daily life in ancient Egypt. Dwarfs were accepted in ancient Egypt; their recorded daily activities suggest assimilation into daily life, and their disorder was not shown as a physical handicap. Wisdom writings and moral teachings in ancient Egypt commanded respect for dwarfs and other individuals with disabilities. \u00a9 2005 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.31068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,27]],"date-time":"2005-12-27T17:50:07Z","timestamp":1135705807000},"page":"303-311","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Dwarfs in ancient Egypt"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"140A","author":[{"given":"Chahira","family":"Kozma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19990305)83:1<53::AID-AJMG10>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"71p","volume-title":"Ancient Egyptian jewelry","author":"Andrews C","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"ArnoldD.1999.When the pyramids were built. 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The Ambassadors Online Magazine. The forum for culture and civilization. Volume 7\u2010Issue 2. Available athttp:\/\/ambassadors.net\/selectedstudy.htm. 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