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However, this risk is moderate and may be modulated by genetic susceptibilities, including variants of the<jats:italic>TGFA<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>TGFB3<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>MSX1<\/jats:italic>developmental genes and polymorphisms of genes of the<jats:italic>CYP<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>1A1, 2E1<\/jats:italic>) and<jats:italic>GST<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>M1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>T1<\/jats:italic>) families involved in metabolic pathways of tobacco smoke compounds. This French case\u2013control study (1998\u20132001; 240 nonsyndromic cases, 236 controls) included a case\u2010parent design (175 triad\u2010families) that made it possible to distinguish the direct effect of the child's genotype and maternally mediated effects. Maternal smoking during the first trimester of pregnancy was not associated with the oral cleft risk in this population, but we observed statistically significant increased risks associated with maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). No variant of any of the three developmental genes was significantly associated with oral cleft. The fetal<jats:italic>CYP1A1*2C<\/jats:italic>variant allele was associated with a statistically significant decreased risk, compared with the homozygous wild\u2010type: relative risk\u2009=\u20090.48, 95% confidence interval: 0.2, 1.0. Suggestive reduced risks were also observed for the maternal<jats:italic>CYP1A1*2C<\/jats:italic>allele and the fetal<jats:italic>CYP2E1*5<\/jats:italic>allele. The<jats:italic>GSTM1<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>GSTT1<\/jats:italic>deletions appeared to play no role. Our findings suggest some interactions, with the strongest between ETS and<jats:italic>CYP1A1<\/jats:italic>or<jats:italic>MSX1<\/jats:italic>and between maternal smoking and<jats:italic>CYP2E1<\/jats:italic>. We did not confirm the maternal smoking\u2010infant<jats:italic>GSTT1<\/jats:italic>null interaction previously reported by other investigators. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,12]],"date-time":"2008-08-12T18:27:15Z","timestamp":1218565635000},"page":"2396-2406","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Genetic susceptibilities in the association between maternal exposure to tobacco smoke and the risk of nonsyndromic oral cleft"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"146A","author":[{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Chevrier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Bahuau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Perret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Iovannisci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agn\u00e8s","family":"Nelva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Herman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie\u2010Paule","family":"Vazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Francannet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Robert\u2010Gnansia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward J.","family":"Lammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvaine","family":"Cordier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0153"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"348","article-title":"Association of genetic variation of the transforming growth factor\u2010alpha gene with cleft lip and palate","volume":"45","author":"Ardinger HH","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(01)00222-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.1039"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0215(20000901)87:5<734::AID-IJC17>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2005.024067"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.31462"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.31779"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009799"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","volume-title":"Statistical models in epidemiology","author":"Clayton D","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.2001.4380"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"EUROCAT Special Report.2000.EUROCAT and Orofacial Clefts: The Epidemiology of Orofacial clefts in 30 European regions. 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