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Hedgehog then interacts with a complex of Patched 1 and Cdo\/Boc, which activates endocytic Smoothened to the cilium. Patched 1 regulates the activity of Smoothened (1) via Vitamin D3, which inhibits Smoothened in the absence of hedgehog ligand or (2) via oxysterols, which activate Smoothened in the presence of hedgehog ligand. Hedgehog ligands also interact with Hip1, Patched 2, and Gas1, which regulate the range as well as the level of hedgehog signaling. In vertebrates, Smoothened is shortened at its C\u2010terminal end and lacks most of the phosphorylation sites of importance in<jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>. Cos2, also of importance in<jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>, plays no role in mammalian transduction, nor do its homologs Kif7 and Kif27. The cilium may provide a function analogous to that of Cos2 by linking Smoothened to the modulation of Gli transcription factors. 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