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Data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS), a large multi\u2010site case\u2013control study of birth defects, were used to evaluate associations between four selected factors related to fetal constraint and craniosynostosis: plurality (twins or higher), macrosomia (birth weight &gt;4,000\u2009g), post\u2010term gestational age (\u226542 weeks), and nulliparity (no previous live births). Case infants (n\u2009=\u2009675) had craniosynostosis documented either by radiographic evidence or by surgical intervention. Infants with a recognized or strongly suspected single\u2010gene conditions or chromosomal abnormalities were excluded. Control infants (n\u2009=\u20095,958) had no major birth defects and were randomly selected from the same population as case infants. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios for the association between these four factors and craniosynostosis, while adjusting for several covariates. We found that plurality and nulliparity were associated with a twofold increased risk for metopic craniosynostosis, and macrosomia had almost twice the risk of developing coronal craniosynostosis. Contrary to our hypothesis, prematurity and low birth weight were also associated with craniosynostosis. In conclusion, these four constraint\u2010related factors were not found to be associated with craniosynostosis when all suture types were combined, though some types of craniosynostosis were associated with individual constraint\u2010related factors. \u00a9 2010 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.33246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,25]],"date-time":"2010-01-25T14:31:38Z","timestamp":1264429898000},"page":"394-400","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Fetal constraint as a potential risk factor for craniosynostosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"152A","author":[{"given":"Pedro A.","family":"Sanchez\u2010Lara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzan L.","family":"Carmichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"John 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