{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T05:41:28Z","timestamp":1791092488194,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,14]],"date-time":"2011-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1308009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J of Med Genetics Pt A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The existence of dwarfism is amply documented in ancient Egypt due to the rich biological and artistic legacies. In previous articles published in this journal, I discussed the roles of people with skeletal dysplasia in ancient Egyptian civilization. In this article I, along with my Egyptian and American colleagues, describe two skeletons of dwarfs that date to 2700\u20132184 BCE and were unearthed from a funerary complex near the Great Pyramids in Giza. The first skeleton belongs to a high official, Per\u2010ni\u2010ankh\u2010w, who died between 45 and 50 years of age. His statue is on display in the Egyptian Museum of Cairo. The second skeleton belongs to a pregnant female worker found with a fetus in situ. Her estimated age at death was 25\u201330 years. She most likely died during childbirth due to a small pelvic outlet as supported by her narrow sacrum. The fetal bones appear normal. Radiological examination of both skeletons confirmed the clinical diagnosis of achondroplasia.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Ancient Egyptians concerned themselves with the search for spiritual fulfillment through the tradition of moral teachings. Amenemope, a wise man who lived during the reign of Amenhotep III (1391\u20131354 BCE), advocated respect toward individuals with disabilities:<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"box\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:p><jats:italic>Do not jeer at a blind man nor tease a dwarf,<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Neither interfere with the condition of a cripple.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Do not taunt a man who is in the hand of God,<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Nor scowl at him if he errs.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><jats:p>In summary, artistic, biological, and written resources indicate that dwarfs were well integrated in ancient Egyptian society. \u00a9 2011 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.34038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,14]],"date-time":"2011-06-14T15:53:33Z","timestamp":1308066813000},"page":"1817-1824","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The ancient Egyptian dwarfs of the pyramids: The high official and the female worker"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"155","author":[{"given":"Chahira","family":"Kozma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azza Mohamed","family":"Sarry El Din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rokia Abd","family":"El Shafy El Banna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wafaa Abd","family":"El Samie Kandeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Lachman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19990305)83:1<53::AID-AJMG10>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3822075"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"29","volume-title":"The magical tests of papyrus Leiden","author":"Borghouts JF","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198146995.001.0001","volume-title":"Dwarfs in ancient Egypt and Greece","author":"Dasen V","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300048237"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"315","article-title":"Pygmies, Dwarfs and Hunchbaks in ancient Egypt","volume":"9","author":"Dawson WR","year":"1927","journal-title":"Ann Med Hist"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3854789"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Catalogue of Egyptian antiquities in the British Museum. 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