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An excess of one of monozygotic (MZ) twins is seen in both groups (ULA 4\/94 (4.3%), LLA 5\/85 (5.9%)), gastrointestinal (GI) abnormalities thought to be of vascular origin (bowel atresia and gastroschisis) (ULA 16\/94 (17%), LLA 4\/85 (4.7%)), small or partial absence of digits (ULA 6\/94 (6.2%), LLA 8\/85 (9.4%)), and umbilical cord wrapping around the limbs at birth (ULA 3\/94 (3.2%), LLA 7\/85 (8.2%)) (severe enough to leave a permanent groove). Pregnancy complications occurred in 42\/60 (70%) of ULA and 36\/54 (67%) of LLA. Prenatal diagnosis, after ultrasound usage became routine, occurred in only 7\/25 (28%) of ULA and 5\/12 (12%) of LLA. This series may represent an over estimate of the complications and associations occurring in ULA and LLA. Differential diagnoses separating LLA from the genetic forms of \u201clower limb only\u201d arthrogryposis and ULA from \u201cupper limb only\u201d genetic forms of arthrogryposis and Erb's palsy is provided. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.36397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,23]],"date-time":"2014-01-23T23:39:34Z","timestamp":1390520374000},"page":"859-873","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Amyoplasia involving only the upper limbs or only involving the lower limbs with review of the relevant differential diagnoses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"Judith G.","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8966(98)00042-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-9091(00)80005-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","unstructured":"ArdingerHH.2000. 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