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We assessed complex patterns of defect co\u2010occurrence with these defects separately using the Texas Birth Defects Registry. We used co\u2010occurring defect analysis (CODA) to compute adjusted observed\u2010to\u2010expected (O\/E) ratios for all observed birth defect patterns. There were 2,998 non\u2010syndromic (i.e., no documented syndrome diagnosis identified) cases with gastroschisis and 789 (26%) of these had additional co\u2010occurring defects. There were 720 non\u2010syndromic cases with omphalocele, and 404 (56%) had additional co\u2010occurring defects. Among the top 30 adjusted O\/E ratios for gastroschisis, most of the co\u2010occurring defects were related to the gastrointestinal system, though cardiovascular and kidney anomalies were also present. Several of the top 30 combinations co\u2010occurring with omphalocele appeared suggestive of OEIS (omphalocele, exstrophy of cloaca, imperforate anus, spinal defects) complex. After the exclusion of additional cases with features suggestive of OEIS in a post\u2010hoc sensitivity analysis, the top combinations involving defects associated with OEIS (e.g., spina bifida) were no longer present. The remaining top combinations involving omphalocele included cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and urogenital defects. In summary, we identified complex patterns of defects that co\u2010occurred more frequently than expected with gastroschisis and omphalocele using a novel software platform. Better understanding differences in the patterns between gastroschisis and omphalocele could lead to additional etiologic insights.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.61830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T07:51:02Z","timestamp":1599205862000},"page":"2581-2593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Birth defects that co\u2010occur with non\u2010syndromic gastroschisis and omphalocele"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"182","author":[{"given":"Omobola O.","family":"Oluwafemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences UTHealth School of Public Health  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata H.","family":"Benjamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences UTHealth 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