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All cases with a radial ray deficiency born between 1996 and 2008 were included in the study and compared with five controls without limb deficiency. In total, 115 (10 isolated, 18 with multiple congenital anomalies, and 87 syndromic) cases with radial ray deficiencies were identified and compared with 575 matched controls. The total prevalence in Finland was 1.22 per 10,000 births. No significant risk factors were observed for nonsyndromic cases. In the syndromic group, advanced maternal age (\u226535\u2009years) increased the risk of radial aplasia (aOR 2.45, 95% CI 1.37\u20134.36), and a similar association was observed with multiple pregnancy (aOR 2.97, 1.16\u20137.62) and male sex (aOR 1.96, 1.18\u20133.25). Valproic acid was also a risk factor (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .002). In conclusion, novel associations in the syndromic group of advanced maternal age and multiple pregnancy and increased risk of radial ray deficiencies were observed. Also, early reports on increased risk of RRD associated with valproate and male sex were supported by our results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.62033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]],"date-time":"2020-12-24T15:59:08Z","timestamp":1608825548000},"page":"759-765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors of radial ray deficiencies: A population\u2010based case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"Johanna","family":"Syv\u00e4nen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics University of Turku and Turku University Hospital  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9114-2204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arimatias","family":"Raitio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics University of Turku and Turku University Hospital  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilkka","family":"Helenius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliisa","family":"L\u00f6yttyniemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of Turku and Turku University Hospital  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna\u2010Maria","family":"Lahesmaa\u2010Korpinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Services Department Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Gissler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Services Department Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yrj\u00e4n\u00e4","family":"Nietosvaara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery Kuopio University Hospital  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/11.3.239"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.2159"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmz001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2020.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12146"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23292"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12075"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108716"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/12.4.445"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389202916666150528000412"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320440611"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/140349489502300113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2006.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0000000000000405"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197701132960202"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(00)01019-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.1999.1145"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197410032911403"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420290109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","unstructured":"KELA. 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