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We review neuropathology in the context of intrauterine hypoxia, particularly as it relates to carbon monoxide poisoning, in utero strokes, and homozygous alpha\u2010thalassemia. In general, the associated brain injuries resemble those seen with other causes of hypoxic\u2013ischemic injury. Fetal strokes during development usually lead to loss of brain tissue in areas that do not follow a typical embryologic pattern, and therefore are considered disruptions. However, there is also evidence that fetal brain ischemia can cause more classically recognized patterns of abnormal embryonic neuronal migration and organization such as polymicrogyria, cortical dysplasia, or dysgenesis, including select types of focal cortical dysplasia. This study summarizes available literature and evidence to raise clinicians' awareness regarding the association between hypoxia and congenital anomalies, including brain malformations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.62235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T10:22:06Z","timestamp":1620037326000},"page":"2801-2808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Hypoxia: A teratogen underlying a range of congenital disruptions, dysplasias, and malformations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"185","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3437-1507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron P.","family":"Adam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Brain Research Seattle Children's Research Institute  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kurlen S. 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