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An elevated risk for psychopathology has also been described, including attention deficit\u2010hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present study aimed at identifying early markers of ADHD, providing the first investigation of ADHD symptomology in very young children with SCT. The variety, type, and severity of ADHD symptomology in 1\u20136\u2010year\u2010old children with SCT (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009104) were compared with population\u2010based controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009101) using the strengths and weaknesses of ADHD symptoms and normal\u2010behavior (SWAN) parent\u2010report questionnaire. ADHD symptomology was significantly more prevalent in SCT and already present from toddlerhood on, compared to controls. ADHD inattention symptoms were significantly increased in all karyotypes (XXX, XXY, and XYY), boys with XYY also showed significantly more hyperactivity\/impulsivity symptoms than controls. Inattentiveness was more pronounced with increasing age for SCT, in contrast to controls. Within the SCT group, 24% of the children had significantly elevated ADHD symptoms at a clinical level. Already from an early age on, SCT is associated with a risk for ADHD, suggesting that its neurodevelopmental risk lies anchored in early brain maturation. Studying this genetically vulnerable population allows for the prospective study of risk markers to facilitate early and preventive interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.62418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T06:23:02Z","timestamp":1625811782000},"page":"3664-3674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Early developmental impact of sex chromosome trisomies on attention <scp>deficit\u2010hyperactivity<\/scp> disorder symptomology in young children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"185","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6429-5835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly","family":"Kuiper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences Leiden University  Leiden The Netherlands"},{"name":"Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Swaab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences Leiden University  Leiden The Netherlands"},{"name":"Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Tartaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"eXtraordinarY Kids Clinic, Developmental Pediatrics Children's Hospital Colorado  Aurora Colorado USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"van Rijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences Leiden University  Leiden The Netherlands"},{"name":"Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-018-0976-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000436"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021491"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-012-9692-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.6.1390"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20154528"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences","author":"Cohen J. 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