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The present study aims to investigate early signs of social communication and social emotional development in very young children with SCT. Thirty\u2010four children with SCT (aged 12\u201324\u2009months) were included in this study, as well as 31 age\u2010matched controls. Social communication was measured with structured behavior observations according to the Early Social Communication Scales, and social emotional developmental level with the Bayley Social Emotional parental questionnaire. Recruitment and assessment took place in the Netherlands and in the United States. On average, 12\u201324\u2010month old children with SCT showed difficulties with early social communication, more so in responding to others as compared to initiating social communications. During social interactions, children with SCT made less frequent eye contact, compared to controls. Also, difficulties in acquiring social emotional milestones were found in 1\u2010year old children with SCT, with 44% of the children having social emotional vulnerabilities in the borderline or extremely low range, compared to typically developing children. In this cohort, no significant predictive effects of karyotype\u2010subtype (XXX, XXY, XYY) were found. Already from a very early age, SCT can be associated with increased risk for vulnerabilities in adaptive social functioning. These findings suggest that SCT impact the maturation of the social brain already from an early age, and stress the importance of early monitoring and (preventive) support early social development in young children with SCT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.62720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]],"date-time":"2022-03-14T07:18:35Z","timestamp":1647242315000},"page":"1943-1953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Early impact of X\u2010 and Y\u2010chromosome variations (<scp>XXX<\/scp>, <scp>XXY<\/scp>, <scp>XYY<\/scp>) on social communication and social emotional development in 1\u20132\u2010year\u2010old children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"188","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4858-6085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nienke","family":"Bouw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences Leiden University  Leiden the Netherlands"},{"name":"Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition  Leiden the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Swaab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences Leiden University  Leiden the Netherlands"},{"name":"Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition  Leiden the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Tartaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna C.","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics UZ Brussel  Jette Belgium"},{"name":"Neurogenetics Research Group Vrije Universiteit Brussel  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"van Rijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences Leiden University  Leiden the Netherlands"},{"name":"Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition  Leiden the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Bayley scales of infant and toddler development","year":"2006","author":"Bayley N.","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","article-title":"Social attention and affect recognition skills in very young children with sex chromosome trisomies: An eye tracking study","author":"Bouw N.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2010.148"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Developing criteria for establishing interrater reliability of specific items: Applications to assessment of adaptive behavior","volume":"86","author":"Cicchetti D. 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