{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T23:37:17Z","timestamp":1791070637940,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":230,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,20]],"date-time":"2001-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1000944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J of Med Genetics Pt B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) has been one of the most extensively investigated gene in neuropsychiatric disorders. After the first association of the TaqI A DRD2 minor (A1) allele with severe alcoholism in 1990, a large number of international studies have followed. A meta\u2010analysis of these studies of Caucasians showed a significantly higher DRD2 A1 allelic frequency and prevalence in alcoholics when compared to controls. Variants of the DRD2 gene have also been associated with other addictive disorders including cocaine, nicotine and opioid dependence and obesity. It is hypothesized that the DRD2 is a reinforcement or reward gene. The DRD2 gene has also been implicated in schizophrenia, posttraumatic stress disorder, movement disorders and migraine. Phenotypic differences have been associated with DRD2 variants. These include reduced D2 dopamine receptor numbers and diminished glucose metabolism in brains of subjects who carry the DRD2 A1 allele. In addition, pleiotropic effects of DRD2 variants have been observed in neurophysiologic, neuropsychologic, stress response, personality and treatment outcome characteristics. The involvement of the DRD2 gene in certain neuropsychiatric disorders opens up the potential of a targeted pharmacogenomic approach to the treatment of these disorders. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.10005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,23]],"date-time":"2002-12-23T19:30:08Z","timestamp":1040671808000},"page":"103-125","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":377,"title":["D2 dopamine receptor gene in psychiatric and neurologic disorders and its phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"116B","author":[{"given":"Ernest P.","family":"Noble","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00750.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(93)90005-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02283.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.1370170707"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(93)90309-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91581-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19960409)67:2<133::AID-AJMG2>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/6.4.577"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-1809.1999.6320147.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(97)88619-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820080007002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2000.tb00212.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20000612)96:3<302::AID-AJMG13>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0196-81"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0395-284"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02197241"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025611208475"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(96)00036-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(20000214)90:4<299::AID-AJMG7>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20001009)96:5<659::AID-AJMG12>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03440150063027"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-8329(91)90693-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199412000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199506000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199608000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","first-page":"132","article-title":"Reward deficiency syndrome","volume":"84","author":"Blum K","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am Scientist"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19991015)88:5<522::AID-AJMG16>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03450240058040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19990820)88:4<407::AID-AJMG19>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000154079"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","first-page":"566","article-title":"Clustering of hypertension, diabetes and obesity in adult male twins: same genes or same environments?","volume":"55","author":"Carmelli D","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00543-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)85006-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2882604"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03470130113040","article-title":"D2 dopamine receptor gene is associated but not linked with alcoholism","volume":"266","author":"Cloninger CR","year":"1991","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1981.01780330019001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03470130073032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bmmb.1993.1059"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(94)90154-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199602000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","first-page":"325","article-title":"Genetic variants of the human obesity (OB) gene: association with body mass index in young women, psychiatric symptoms, and interaction with the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene","volume":"1","author":"Comings DE","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199606000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00519-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(02)00625-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1992.tb00683.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","first-page":"130","article-title":"Linkage analysis confirms a genetic effect of the D2 dopamine receptor locus in heavy drinking and alcoholism","volume":"3","author":"Cook CCH","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychiatr Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.169.2.243"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.69.4.535"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-199522000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19960920)67:5<483::AID-AJMG8>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","first-page":"703","article-title":"Model\u2010free linkage analysis using likelihoods","volume":"57","author":"Curtis D","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.1370170720"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.3.781"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(00)00085-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0196-78"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03680.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/35.5.493"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-8329(01)00137-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(96)00369-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199708000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19980907)81:5<385::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","first-page":"129","volume-title":"Problems of drug dependence 1995. NIDA Research Monograph 162","author":"Gabbay FH","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03666.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02279808"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03470130081033","article-title":"No association between an allele of the D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) and alcoholism","volume":"266","author":"Gelernter J","year":"1991","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500130087038","article-title":"The A1 allele at the D2 dopamine receptor gene and alcoholism: a reappraisal","volume":"269","author":"Gelernter J","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1998.5264"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00537-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00087-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","first-page":"232","volume-title":"Recent developments in alcoholism (Volume 11)","author":"Goldman D","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03279.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"Association of allelic DRD2 dopamine receptor gene polymorphism with mental diseases of schizophrenic spectrum and affective disorders","volume":"98","author":"Golimbet VE","year":"1998","journal-title":"Zh Nevrop Psikhiatr Im SS Korsakova"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"Molecular genetic polymorphism of the genes of neurotransmitter systems in schizophrenics with early manifestation of the disease","volume":"101","author":"Golimbet VE","year":"2001","journal-title":"Zh Nevrop Psikhiatr Im SS Korsakova"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1979.01780010063006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1017\/S0924933800001772","article-title":"Are genes coding for dopamine receptors implicated in alcoholism","volume":"9","author":"Gorwood P","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","first-page":"778","article-title":"The human dopamine D2 receptor gene is located on chromosome 11 at q22\u2013q23 and identifies a Taq1 RFLP","volume":"45","author":"Grandy DK","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/2.12.2197-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200011)15:6<1070::AID-MDS1003>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001504-199905000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/5.3.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(91)90431-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000054846"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01954.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02245330"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-199700710-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-8329(97)00177-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00203-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19991215)88:6<634::AID-AJMG11>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19991215)88:6<676::AID-AJMG18>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000388"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.158.5.635"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1196"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.158.10.1733","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in pathological gamblers seeking treatment","volume":"158","author":"Ibanez A","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiat"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145799001492"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1993.2404"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.5.697"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(99)00033-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000532"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801381"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_101_1","first-page":"538","article-title":"On the relationship between D2 receptor density and neuroleptic\u2010induced catalepsy among 8 inbred strains of mice","volume":"267","author":"Kanes SJ","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(01)00331-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004390050809"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000565"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.9.5173"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_106_1","first-page":"156","article-title":"Delirium in alcohol withdrawal and DRD2 and DAT1 gene polymorphisms","volume":"96","author":"Koehnke MD","year":"2000","journal-title":"Amer J Med Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(92)90060-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(98)00064-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.1998.5.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/36.3.262"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000343"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0495-337"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00478-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20001009)96:5<592::AID-AJMG3>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.18.1.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(99)00034-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.10200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-200109000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02196.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-200111000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-8329(00)00138-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-200002000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_123_1","first-page":"388","article-title":"The association between the dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) 16 amino acid repeat polymorphism and novelty seeking","volume":"1","author":"Malhotra AK","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(96)00035-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.10118"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-200103000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-8329(93)90025-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.2001.6647"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002139900364"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20000612)96:3<422::AID-AJMG35>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1303"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100380050101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320540415"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320600402"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_135_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"The gene that rewards alcoholism","volume":"3","author":"Noble EP","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sci Am Sci Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-8329(97)00175-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.5.343"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5381.1285h"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.270.13.1547"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810310066012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(93)90113-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_142_1","first-page":"729","article-title":"D2 dopamine receptor TaqI A alleles in medically ill alcoholic and nonalcoholic patients","volume":"29","author":"Noble EP","year":"1994","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(94)90127-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199404)15:3<205::AID-EAT2260150303>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_145_1","first-page":"658","article-title":"Prolonged P300 latency in children with the D2 dopamine receptor A1 allele","volume":"54","author":"Noble EP","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19970418)74:2<162::AID-AJMG9>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19980508)81:3<257::AID-AJMG10>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20001009)96:5<622::AID-AJMG7>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.2.199"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000154133"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.7.1425"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200001)15:1<120::AID-MDS1019>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-199624000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13556219971380"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_155_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Psychiatric genetics: back to the future","volume":"5","author":"Owen MJ","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatr Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000589"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.24.6977-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810310073013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00633-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02202.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320480204"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.3.650"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.1.201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401725"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00483-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00062.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01502.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810250021002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.6.1589"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2183351"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.6123"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000350"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04270.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02303.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03450190043026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5281.1516"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.8.12.1273"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_178_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(96)00068-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_179_1","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Alcoholism: origins and outcome","author":"Robins LN","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001231"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-200007000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_182_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19970919)74:5<483::AID-AJMG5>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(91)90096-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_184_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00441-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_185_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.5.802"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890010203"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_187_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(98)00093-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000726"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_189_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(99)00112-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(01)00324-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_191_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"The association study of DRD2, ACE and AGT gene polymorphisms and methamphetamine dependence","volume":"50","author":"Ser\u00fd O","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_192_1","first-page":"1045","article-title":"DRD2 Ser311\/Cys311 polymorphism in schizophrenia","volume":"343","author":"Shaikh S","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_193_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000532"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_194_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199804000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_195_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820090051009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_196_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92011-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_197_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19961122)67:6<551::AID-AJMG7>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_198_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.5.358"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_199_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(00)00130-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_200_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020050041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_201_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1994.1005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_202_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0564"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_203_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0761"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_204_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-200006000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_205_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.10.1714"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_206_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(98)00125-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_207_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19960409)67:2<208::AID-AJMG12>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_208_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03707.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_209_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.4.901"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_210_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00492.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_211_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10641969909052195"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_212_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.36.2.177"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_213_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01404.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_214_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199712000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_215_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(92)90052-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_216_1","first-page":"177","volume-title":"Epidemiology and control of hypertension","author":"Tyroler HA","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_217_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(93)90128-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_218_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000309"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_219_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(97)00013-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_220_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(00)00106-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_221_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890110303"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_222_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890140210"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_223_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.14.1151"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_224_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.1370170764"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_225_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(96)00184-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_226_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03643-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_227_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.12.1757"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_228_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1988.tb06330.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_229_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.40.020189.001203"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_230_1","first-page":"1021","article-title":"D2 dopamine receptor gene polymorphisms among African\u2010Americans and Mexican\u2010Americans: a lung cancer case\u2013control study","volume":"9","author":"Wu X","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_231_1","article-title":"Harmful drinking in military veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: association with the D2 dopamine receptor A1 allele","author":"Young R McD","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajmg.b.10005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajmg.b.10005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T17:58:33Z","timestamp":1696960713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajmg.b.10005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,14]]},"references-count":230,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajmg.b.10005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.b.10005","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-4841","1552-485X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-4841","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-485X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,14]]}}}