{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:58:21Z","timestamp":1785891501486,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,22]],"date-time":"2004-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1082592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J of Med Genetics Pt B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cigarette smoking is highly destructive to individuals and society, and is moderately heritable. We completed a genomewide linkage scan to map loci increasing risk for cigarette smoking in a set of families originally identified because they segregate panic disorder (PD). One hundred forty two genotyped individuals in a total of 12 families were studied (214 subjects analyzed, including non\u2010genotyped individuals). Of these individuals, 69 were \u201caffected\u201d with habitual cigarette smoking (i.e., they smoked more than one pack per day for at least a year, or at least 1\/2 pack per day for at least 10 years), 49 were \u201cunaffected\u201d (i.e., they smoked less than 1\/2 pack per day for less than 1 year), and 24 were scored as \u201cunknown.\u201d Nine families from the panic series were excluded from these analyses because they lacked multiple affected individuals with habitual cigarette smoking. In an initial genomewide scan, we genotyped a total of 416 markers (398 autosomal, 18 X\u2010chromosome) with an average spacing of less than 10 cM, spanning the genome. Linkage analysis (pairwise, or single\u2010point, and multi\u2010point) was performed using ALLEGRO. An additional 14 markers were genotyped in a high\u2010density panel to follow\u2010up on an identified region of interest on chromosome 11p. The three highest multi\u2010point Zlr scores (3.43, 3.04, and 3.01; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0003, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0012, and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0013, respectively), which each reflect \u201csuggestive\u201d evidence for linkage, were observed in multi\u2010point linkage analyses using Allegro on chromosomes 11p and 9, near markers D11S4046, D9S283, and D9S1677, respectively. D11S4046 is in a region where linkage to alcohol dependence and linkage disequilibrium to substance dependence have previously been identified. The chromosome 9 region we identified as possibly linked to cigarette smoking in anxiety families, was previously identified as significantly linked to PD in Icelandic pedigrees. We also identified evidence supporting linkage (Zlr score\u2009&gt;\u20092.3, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) to regions of chromosomes 14, 16, and X. There was a significant phenotypic association between PD and cigarette smoking (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Conclusions: We identified evidence for two loci increasing risk for cigarette smoking that map to chromosomes 9 and 11. There is now evidence supporting linkage or association of chromosome 11 markers with alcohol dependence, illegal drug abuse and dependence, and cigarette smoking. Interestingly, one of our most promising linkage regions, includes a region previously identified as linked to PD. \u00a9 2004 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,22]],"date-time":"2004-04-22T16:58:22Z","timestamp":1082653102000},"page":"94-101","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Results of a genomewide linkage scan: Support for chromosomes 9 and 11 loci increasing risk for cigarette smoking"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"128B","author":[{"given":"Joel","family":"Gelernter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuexuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Hesselbrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grier P.","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Goddard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng786"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(00)00816-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.1370170710"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.20329"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"513","article-title":"Estimating the power of a proposed linkage study: A practical computer simulation approach","volume":"39","author":"Boehnke M","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.12.1141"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302861"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.1370170724"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(78)90024-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","volume-title":"Structured clinical interview for DSM\u2010IV Axis I disorders, research version, non\u2010patient edition (SCID\u2010NP) version 2.0","author":"First MB","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2000.tb04634.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(92)90222-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1496"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001224"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/75514"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.18.2348"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.9.886"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/ng917","article-title":"A high\u2010resolution recombination map of the human genome","volume":"31","author":"Kong A","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1476"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19980508)81:3<216::AID-AJMG2>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302800"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/301904"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801861406"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","first-page":"543","article-title":"Estimating the power of a proposed linkage study for a complex genetic trait","volume":"44","author":"Ploughman LM","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19980508)81:3<207::AID-AJMG1>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","first-page":"453","article-title":"Dopamine D4 receptors and the risk of cigarette smoking in African\u2010Americans and Caucasians","volume":"7","author":"Shields PG","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/374826"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","volume-title":"Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia: Lifetime version","author":"Spitzer RL","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000518"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1433"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","unstructured":"SullivanPF NealeBM NealeMC van den OordE KendlerKS.2003.Multipoint and single point non\u2010parametric linkage analysis with imperfect data. 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