{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:30:16Z","timestamp":1789054216929,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,23]],"date-time":"2004-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1095897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J of Med Genetics Pt B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study was to investigate association of DRD4 polymorphisms with ADHD subtypes for which there is evidence for increased heritability. The genetic variants tested were the 120 bp insertion\/deletion, the \u2212616, \u2212521, \u2212376, and the 48 bp DRD4 VNTR. The primary analyses were of association with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), and diagnostic subtypes. Secondary analyses of clinical subtype were exploratory in nature and included analysis of association of DRD4 polymorphisms with family history of ADHD. We observed significant association between DRD4 7\u2010repeat allele transmission and ADHD children with comorbid ODD (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20096.74, df\u2009=\u20091, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01, OR\u2009=\u20092.45) The DRD4 7\u2010repeat allele was also significantly associated with family history positive ADHD (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200910.12, df\u2009=\u20091, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0021, OR\u2009=\u20093.57). We observed no significant distortion in the transmission of any of the tested DRD4 variants with inattentive or hyperactive\u2010impulsive subtypes or symptom dimensions. In conclusion, our findings of increased DRD4 7\u2010repeat allele transmission in ODD extend those reported by Holmes et al. [2002: Am J Med Genet Neuropsychiatr 114:150\u2013153]. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report association of the DRD4 7\u2010repeat allele with ADHD children who have a positive family history of ADHD. Overall, the results from this study support the investigation of clinical subtypes in molecular genetic studies of ADHD. \u00a9 2004 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,23]],"date-time":"2004-09-23T20:01:30Z","timestamp":1095969690000},"page":"38-42","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Phenotype studies of the <i>DRD4<\/i> gene polymorphisms in ADHD: Association with oppositional defiant disorder and positive family history"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"131B","author":[{"given":"Aiveen","family":"Kirley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celine","family":"Mullins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"McCarron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grainne","family":"Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irwin","family":"Waldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziarih","family":"Hawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170003498X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00304.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1993.tb01785.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950180050007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198703000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.62.5.1017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1366"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-19860101-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200011000-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2272(200001)18:1<1::AID-GEPI1>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.7.1052"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2004_14"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00916694"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.10149"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","volume-title":"Handbook of psychiatric genetics","author":"Hudziak JJ","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199708000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"607","article-title":"Dopaminergic system genes in ADHD: Toward a biological hypothesis","volume":"27","author":"Kirley A","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199712000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198803000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphism is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"1","author":"LaHoste GJ","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199706000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LoweN KirleyA MullinsC FitzgeraldM GillM HawiZ.2003.Multiple markers analysis at the promoter region of the DRD4 gene and ADHD: Evidence of linkage and association with the SNP \u2212616. Submitted to Molecular Psychiatry.","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30071"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-200212000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000984"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000432"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000874"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000354"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.9.1398"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000744"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02327577"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.179.3.224"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1403"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-1809.1999.6340329.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","first-page":"885","article-title":"The Wender Utah Rating Scale: An aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"150","author":"Ward MF","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajmg.b.30072","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajmg.b.30072","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T15:42:33Z","timestamp":1697643753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajmg.b.30072"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,23]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajmg.b.30072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.b.30072","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-4841","1552-485X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-4841","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-485X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,23]]}}}