{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T08:14:46Z","timestamp":1777018486649,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,1]],"date-time":"2005-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1112313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J of Med Genetics Pt B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5\u2010HTTLPR) genotype was previously found associated with smoking behavior, difficulty in quitting smoking, and nicotine addiction; with non\u2010replicated findings and contrasting results. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible association between 5\u2010HTTLPR genotype and smoking behavior among adolescents, in relationship with psychological characteristics. Two hundred and ten Caucasian high school students (aged 14\u201319 years); 103 non\u2010smokers, who have never smoked nicotine; and 107 tobacco smokers have been genotyped. Aggressiveness levels and temperamental traits were measured in both smokers and non\u2010smokers, respectively, utilizing Buss\u2013Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI) and Cloninger Three\u2010Dimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ). Data about school performance have been also collected. The short\u2013short (SS) genotype frequency was significantly higher among smokers compared with non\u2010smokers (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.023). The odds ratio for the SS genotype versus the long\u2013long (LL) genotype frequency was 1.17 [95% CL (0.30\u20132.05)], when smokers were compared with non\u2010smokers. The SS genotype frequency was significantly higher among heavy smokers with early onset, compared with moderate smokers with late onset (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.042). BDHI irritability scores, NS scores at TPQ, and school failure frequency were significantly higher in smokers than in non\u2010smokers. Multivariate model\u2010fitting analysis evidenced a significantly greater relationship of genotype with irritability levels (BDHI scores) (0.34, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and temperament traits (NS scores) (0.36, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), than with school performance (rate of school under\u2010achievements) (0.18, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and nicotine smoking (number of cigarettes) (0.24, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Accordingly, factor\u2010analysis showed that gene polymorphism contributes more directly to BDHI scores and NS scores (0.73; 0.71) than to smoking behavior and school under\u2010achievement (0.54; 0.51). Our data suggest that a decreased expression of the gene encoding the 5\u2010HTT transporter, due to \u201cS\u201d promoter polymorphism, may be associated with smoking behavior among adolescents and increased risk to develop nicotine dependence, possibly in relationship to personality traits, temperamental characteristics, and school under\u2010achievements.\u00a9 2005 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,1]],"date-time":"2005-04-01T17:50:27Z","timestamp":1112377827000},"page":"73-78","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Association of the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism with smoking behavior among adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"135B","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Gerra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Garofano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Zaimovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Moi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Branchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Bussandri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Brambilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Donnini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Essays in neurochemistry and neuropharmacology","author":"Aghajanian GK","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(00)00816-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00774"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.5.1730"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","first-page":"24S","article-title":"Modifications of the serotonin system by antidepressant treatments: Implications for the therapeutic response in major depression","volume":"7","author":"Blier P","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046900"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2003.50018"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199209173271201"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-76646-6_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800180093014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810070013002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.69.4.535"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","volume-title":"Intervista Clinica Strutturata per il DSM\u2010III\u2010R","author":"Fava M","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Substance abuse among high\u2010school students: Relationship with social coping and temperament","author":"Gerra G","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bulletin of Narcotics UNDCP"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.20111"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-120028493"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-004-0268-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000526"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001048"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02196921"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","unstructured":"HibellB AnderssonB Ahlstr\u00f6mS BalakirevaO BjarnassonT KokkeviA MorganM.2000.The 1999 ESPAD Report. 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