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Parents' childrearing regimes and children's genetic predispositions, with their own behavioral characteristics, have been seen to be closely interwoven, probably affecting children's development and addictive behavior susceptibility. In the present study, parents care perception, aggressive personality traits, and genotype (serotonin transporter promoter gene\u2014<jats:italic>5\u2010HTTLPR<\/jats:italic>) have been investigated in cocaine users and healthy control subjects. PBI scores (maternal and paternal care) were lower and BDHI scores (aggressiveness) higher in cocaine users in comparison with controls and significant differences in the perception of either paternal or maternal care were observed between cocaine users and non\u2010users. The short\u2010short (SS) genotype frequency was significantly higher among cocaine users compared with control subjects (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04). Logistic regression proves that persons bearing the SS genotype have a risk of becoming cocaine user almost three times higher than those having the LL genotype. Estimations of the effects of other factors potentially affecting the risk of being cocaine addicted clearly prove the significant impact of aggressiveness: the highest the score, the highest the risk of becoming cocaine user. Moreover, paternal and maternal care perception significantly improve the fit of the model (the log likelihood decreases passing from \u2212105.9 to \u221289.8, LR test\u2009=\u200932.17, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value\u2009=\u20090.0000). Each unit increase in the PBI score yields a significant 12% and 10% decrease of the risk of becoming cocaine user, respectively for paternal and maternal care. Interestingly, once controlled for the PBI score, the relative risk associated to the SS genotype drops strikingly and becomes no longer statistically significant. On the whole, our preliminary data suggest that the association between 5\u2010HT transporter polymorphism and psycho\u2010stimulant use may be mediated by mother\u2013child relationship and parental attachment perception, both being environmental and genetic factors involved in the proneness to substance use disorders, particularly in aggressive\u2010antisocial individuals. \u00a9 2006 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,13]],"date-time":"2006-09-13T16:18:11Z","timestamp":1158164291000},"page":"52-57","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Perceived parenting behavior in the childhood of cocaine users: Relationship with genotype and personality traits"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"144B","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Gerra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Zaimovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Garofano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Ciusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Moi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Avanzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Talarico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Gardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Brambilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Manfredini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Donnini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.154.5.677"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03286.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","first-page":"221","article-title":"Prenatal, perinatal, and early childhood risk factors and drug involvement in adolescence","volume":"115","author":"Brook JS","year":"1989","journal-title":"Genet Soc Gen Psychol Monogr"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046900"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00268-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(96)90567-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01707.x"},{"issue":"126","key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","first-page":"381","article-title":"Parental bonding and mental health in adolescence","volume":"32","author":"Canetti L","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-76646-6_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270050245"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","volume-title":"Intervista Clinica Strutturata per il DSM\u2010III\u2010R","author":"Fava M","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Substance abuse among high\u2010school students: Relationship with social coping and temperament","author":"Gerra G","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bull Narc UNDCP"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-120028493"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.20111"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-004-0268-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30173"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00745"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016044906341"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000526"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01281159"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2532034"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","unstructured":"HibellB AnderssonB Ahlstr\u00f6mS BalakirevaO BjarnassonT KokkeviA MorganM.2000.The 1999 ESPAD Report. 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