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To answer this question with respect to nicotine use, we used genome\u2010wide expression profiling lymphoblast cell lines from six actively smoking Iowa Adoption Studies (IAS) subjects and nine \u201cclean\u201d control subjects, followed by real\u2010time PCR (RT\u2010PCR) of gene expression patterns in lymphoblast derived RNA from 94 subjects in the IAS. As compared to those from controls without a history of smoking (n\u2009=\u20099), the expression levels of 579 of 29,098 genes were significantly up\u2010regulated and expression levels of 584 of 29,098 genes were significantly down\u2010regulated in lymphoblast lines from currently smoking subjects (n\u2009=\u20096). RT\u2010PCR confirmation of four select RNA levels confirmed the validity of the overall profile and revealed highly significant relationships between the expression of some of these transcripts and (1) major depression, (2) antisocial personality, (3) nicotine dependence, and (4) cannabis dependence. We conclude that the use of expression profiling may contribute significant insights into the biology of complex behavioral disorders. \u00a9 2007 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,6]],"date-time":"2007-03-06T16:37:02Z","timestamp":1173199022000},"page":"683-690","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Transcriptional profiling of subjects from the Iowa adoption studies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"144B","author":[{"given":"Robert 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