{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:25:33Z","timestamp":1792002333060,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,19]],"date-time":"2007-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1182211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J of Med Genetics Pt B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gene\u2009\u00d7\u2009environment (G\u2009\u00d7\u2009E) interactions are increasingly thought to have substantial influence on the aetiology and clinical manifestations of complex disorders. In ADHD, although main effects of specific genetic variants and pre\u2010 or peri\u2010natal variables have been reported and replicated using pooled analyses, few studies have looked at possible interactions. In a clinical sample of 266 children with ADHD, we tested for interaction between gene variants (in DRD4, DAT1, DRD5, and 5HTT) found to be associated with ADHD in pooled analyses and maternal smoking, alcohol use during pregnancy and birth weight. First, G\u2009\u00d7\u2009E effects on a diagnosis of ADHD were tested using conditional logistic regression analyses. Second, possible modifying effects of G\u2009\u00d7\u2009E on symptoms of associated conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) were investigated using linear regression analysis. The sample size associated with each of the analyses differed as not each variant had been genotyped for each individual. No effects of G\u2009\u00d7\u2009E on ADHD diagnosis were observed. The results suggest that lower birth weight and maternal smoking during pregnancy may interact with DRD5 and DAT1 (birth weight only) in influencing associated antisocial behavior symptoms (ODD and conduct disorder). These preliminary findings showed no evidence of interaction between previously implicated variants in ADHD and specific environmental risk factors, on diagnosis of the disorder. There may be evidence of G\u2009\u00d7\u2009E on associated antisocial behavior in ADHD, but further investigation is needed. \u00a9 2007 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,19]],"date-time":"2007-06-19T16:48:44Z","timestamp":1182271724000},"page":"49-53","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Testing for gene\u2009\u00d7\u2009environment interaction effects in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and associated antisocial behavior"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"147B","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Langley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Turic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Holmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.B.M.","family":"van den Bree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Craddock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.J.","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.C.","family":"O'Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Thapar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170003498X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.6.728"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.1.74"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950230030006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072290"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1083968","article-title":"Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5\u2010HTT gene","volume":"301","author":"Caspi A","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10100-005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.10306"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.10307"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(94)90188-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000510"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(94)00241-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.7.1052"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.184.1.74"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(03)00208-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"359","article-title":"Maternal smoking during pregnancy as an environmental risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder behaviour. 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