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This study was set to determine whether, and to what extent, CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010induced acute anxiety and panic disorder share the same genetic and environmental determinants. Cholesky structural equation models were used to decompose into genetic and environmental elements the correlation between self\u2010assessed anxiety post\u201035%CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u201365%O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> inhalation and interview\u2010based DSM\u2010IV lifetime diagnoses of panic disorder in 346 young adult twin pairs of the Norwegian Institute of Health Panel, 12% of whom had been invited to take part into the CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> study on the basis of self\u2010reported symptoms of anxiety gathered 4\u20137 years before the provocation challenge. A full model corrected for the partially selective ascertainment showed that the phenotypic correlation between post\u2010CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> anxiety and DSM\u2010IV panic was largely due to additive genetic influences, while shared and unique environmental agents concurred to explain a relatively minor proportion of the correlation between these two traits. According to the best\u2010fitting model the genetic correlation between post\u2010CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> anxiety and panic was 0.81 (0.50\u20130.98); a common genetic factor was sufficient to explain the traits' covariation and a further, specific genetic factor was necessary to account for the residual phenotypic variance. The genetic determinants that lead to overreact to a hypercapnic stimulus coincide at a considerable extent with those that influence liability to naturally occurring panic. Environmental factors provide a modest\u2014or no\u2014contribution to the covariation of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010provoked anxiety with naturally occurring panic. \u00a9 2007 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,26]],"date-time":"2007-11-26T15:16:48Z","timestamp":1196090208000},"page":"586-593","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["A twin study of the common vulnerability between heightened sensitivity to hypercapnia and panic disorder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"147B","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Battaglia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Pesenti\u2010Gritti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara 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