{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T13:30:56Z","timestamp":1774877456944,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,30]],"date-time":"2010-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1291075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J of Med Genetics Pt B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Heterogeneous life events (LE) precede the onset of\u2014and potentially increase the susceptibility to\u2014panic disorder (PD). It remains unknown whether LE can act as moderators in the context of gene\u2010by\u2010environment interactions (G\u00d7E) that alter the susceptibility to PD and the related trait of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> sensitivity, nor it is known whether such moderation may depend on occurrence of events at different epochs in life. In 712 general population twins we analyzed by Maximum Likelihood analyses of ordinal data whether life (major\u2010 and stressful) events moderate the genetic risk for PD and CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> sensitivity, as indexed by the 35% CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/65% O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> challenge. For CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> sensitivity, best\u2010fitting models encompassed both additive and interactional effects that increased linearly with the cumulative number and severity (SEV) of events in lifetime. By analyzing the moderation effect of cumulative SEV separately for events that had occurred in adulthood (between age 18 and 37) or during childhood\u2013adolescence (before the 18th birthday), we found evidence of G\u00d7E only within the childhood\u2013adolescence window of risk, although twins had rated the childhood\u2013adolescence events as significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) less severe than those having occurred during adulthood. For PD, all interactional terms could be dropped without significant worsening of the models' fit. Consistently with a diathesis\u2010stress model, LE appear to act as moderators of the genetic variance for CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> sensitivity. Childhood\u2013adolescence appears to constitute a sensitive period to the action of events that concur to alter the susceptibility to this panic\u2010related trait. \u00a9 2010 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.31144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,30]],"date-time":"2010-11-30T15:18:29Z","timestamp":1291130309000},"page":"79-88","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Gene\u2013environment interactions in panic disorder and CO<sub>2<\/sub> sensitivity: Effects of events occurring early in life"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"156","author":[{"given":"Chiara A. 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