{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T15:57:36Z","timestamp":1777478256167,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,18]],"date-time":"2011-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1305676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J of Med Genetics Pt B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine if ethnic differences in concerns about unfavorable consequences from psychiatric genetic studies, existing between non\u2010Hispanic Black and White populations, persist among participants in an actual genetic study of bipolar disorder. Historically, minority subjects have been less willing to participate in such studies. Participants in the US Bipolar Genome Study (BIGS) were assessed on six items of concerns in the Questionnaire on Genetic Risk (QGR). Each item had five response categories, ranging from \u201cnot at all\u201d concerned to \u201cvery concerned.\u201d Responses from Black (N\u2009=\u2009188) and White participants (N\u2009=\u20091,065) formed the base for this analysis. Concerns about unfavorable consequences of conducting psychiatric genetic studies were prevalent in the whole sample. Concern for medical insurance was most prevalent (63.4%), followed by job concern (58.8%) and stigma (57.4%). Racial discrimination was less prevalent (28.1%). Blacks endorsed significantly stronger concerns for all consequences except the medical insurance item (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.008). The most significant ethnic disparity in concerns was for racial discrimination (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Associations between levels of concern and ethnicity remained significant after adjustments for other factors in multivariate models. Ethnic differences (Blacks vs. Whites) in perceived concerns about unfavorable consequences from participation persist among participants in an actual psychiatric genetic study. This suggests that other factors may play a more critical role in the decision not to participate. Future studies should investigate more comprehensive sources of barriers to consenting for ongoing psychiatric genetic studies in representative samples, incorporating assessments from non\u2010participants as well as participants. \u00a9 2011 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.31198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,18]],"date-time":"2011-05-18T14:37:24Z","timestamp":1305729444000},"page":"569-580","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Ethnic disparities in the perception of ethical risks from psychiatric genetic studies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"156","author":[{"given":"E.A.","family":"Nwulia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.M.","family":"Hipolito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Aamir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W.B.","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"J.I.","family":"Nurnberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"BiGS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000218711"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2006.57.6.857","article-title":"Racial differences in stigmatizing attitudes toward people with mental illness","volume":"57","author":"Anglin DM","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"249","article-title":"Recruiting adolescents into genetic studies of smoking behavior","volume":"11","author":"Audrain J","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000082263"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/109065702760093889"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","volume-title":"The Bell curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life","author":"Hernstein RJ","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"221","volume-title":"Proceedings of the fifth Berkeley symposium on mathematical statistics and probability","author":"Huber PJ","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0963-6625\/8\/3\/303"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0800800201"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820230075007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.1.39"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/00125817-200301000-00008","article-title":"Attitudes of African\u2010Americans premedical students toward genetic testing and screening","volume":"5","author":"Laskey SL","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001504-200303000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.2.259","article-title":"Genetics of recurrent early\u2010onset major depression (GenRED): Significant linkage on chromosome 15q25\u2013q26 after fine mapping with single nucleotide polymorphism markers","volume":"164","author":"Levinson DF","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00125817-200301000-00006"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.1349.13.8","article-title":"Racial differences in enrolment in a cancer genetics registry","volume":"13","author":"Moorman PG","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.2009.72.2.177"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YPG.0b013e32832cec89"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health.2001.NIH Policy and guidelines on the inclusion of women and minorities as subjects in clinical research\u2010Amended October 2001.http:\/\/grants1.nih.gov\/grants\/funding\/women_min\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","unstructured":"National Institutes of Mental Health.2007.Genetic roots of bipolar disorder revealed by first genome\u2010wide study of illness. 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