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Using alternative ADHD\u2013RD sub\u2010phenotypes instead of those arising from the<jats:italic>DSM\u2010IV<\/jats:italic>may lead to greater success in the search for comorbid ADHD\u2013RD susceptibility genes. Therefore, this study aims to refine ADHD\u2013RD phenotypes into homogenous informative sub\u2010phenotypes using latent class analysis (LCA). LCA was performed on 2,610 Australian twin families (6,535 individuals) in order to generate probabilistic genetically distinct classes that define ADHD\u2013RD subtypes, including comorbidity, based on related symptom clusters. The LCA separated the phenotypes for ADHD and RD into nine classes. One class was unaffected; three classes demonstrated the three DSM\u2010IV subtypes of ADHD, three subtypes showed different severities of RD, and two classes expressed a combination of RD and ADHD subtypes. LCA proved effective in refining the phenotypes of ADHD alone, RD alone, and ADHD\u2013RD comorbidity, and its ability to classify them into homogenous groups based on clusters of symptoms, suggesting that the latent classes may be robust enough to use in molecular genetic studies. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,29]],"date-time":"2012-11-29T18:31:38Z","timestamp":1354213898000},"page":"44-54","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Phenotype refinement for comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and reading disability"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"Abdullah R.","family":"Sheikhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neilson","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Hay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan P.","family":"Piek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","volume-title":"ADHD and the nature of self\u2010control","author":"Barkley R","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.9.6.718"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66915-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.01.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20107610.2012.02527.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1975.01760290039004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1993.tb01094.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x","article-title":"Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm","volume":"39","author":"Dempster A","year":"1977","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000242236.90763.7f"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","unstructured":"HayDA LevyF.2004. 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