{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T06:43:55Z","timestamp":1759041835738},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]],"date-time":"2013-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1381968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J of Med Genetics Pt B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label \/><jats:p>This study sought to examine the association between the cumulative risk severity conferred by the total number of attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) risk alleles of the <jats:italic>DAT1<\/jats:italic> 3\u2032UTR variable number tandem repeat (VNTR), <jats:italic>DRD4<\/jats:italic> Exon 3 VNTR, and 5\u2010<jats:italic>HTTLPR<\/jats:italic> with ADHD characteristics, clinical correlates, and functional outcomes in a pediatric sample. Participants were derived from case\u2013control family studies of boys and girls diagnosed with ADHD, a genetic linkage study of families with children with ADHD, and a family genetic study of pediatric bipolar disorder. Caucasian children 18 and younger with and without ADHD and with available genetic data were included in this analysis (N\u2009=\u2009591). The association of genetic risk severity with sociodemographic, clinical characteristics, neuropsychological, emotional, and behavioral correlates was examined in the entire sample, in the sample with ADHD, and in the sample without ADHD, respectively. Greater genetic risk severity was significantly associated with the presence of disruptive behavior disorders in the entire sample and oppositional defiant disorder in participants with ADHD. Greater genetic risk severity was also associated with the absence of anxiety disorders, specifically with the absence of agoraphobia in the context of ADHD. Additionally, one ADHD symptom was significantly associated with greater genetic risk severity. Genetic risk severity is significantly associated with ADHD clinical characteristics and co\u2010morbid disorders, and the nature of these associations may vary on the type (externalizing vs. internalizing) of the disorder. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]],"date-time":"2013-10-17T06:29:10Z","timestamp":1381991350000},"page":"718-733","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Association of genetic risk severity with ADHD clinical characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"Amelia","family":"Kotte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School Cambridge Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen V.","family":"Faraone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry SUNY Upstate Medical University Syracuse New York"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Physiology SUNY Upstate Medical University Syracuse New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Biederman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School Cambridge Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30871"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.44.1.293"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2005.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30326"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19991215)88:6<710::AID-AJMG23>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199712000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.02.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291705006410"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707002668"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711001644"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000430"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cross\u2010Disorder Group of the Psychiatric GWAS Consortium. In press.Genome\u2010wide analysis identifies loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders. Lancet.381:1371\u20131379.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62129-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/4482"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0837-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11537450-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0004.2000.580106.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0004.2000.570304.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"993","article-title":"Association of attention deficit disorder and the dopamine transporter gene","volume":"56","author":"Cook EH","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000914"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-007-9153-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.12.1410"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-002-0049-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026553518272"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Candidate gene studies of attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"67","author":"Faraone SV","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.5.768","article-title":"Dopamine D4 gene 7\u2010repeat allele and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"156","author":"Faraone SV","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00230-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2272(200001)18:1<1::AID-GEPI1>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.7.1052"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","first-page":"104","article-title":"The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: Is it an American condition","volume":"2","author":"Faraone SV","year":"2003","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.024"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","first-page":"1387","article-title":"Linkage analysis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"147","author":"Faraone SV","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet Part B"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-009-0058-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","volume-title":"Structured clinical interview for DSM\u2010IV axis I disorders","author":"First M","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-009-0694-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Maternal stress during pregnancy, ADHD symptomatology in children and genotype: Gene\u2010environment interaction","volume":"21","author":"Grizenko N","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12081129"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20000612)96:3<268::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001761"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01613.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0148-9062(75)90418-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsm024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng749"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","volume-title":"The wide range achievement test\u2014Revised","author":"Jastak JF","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.9.929"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.10.921"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02249.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021133"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphism is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"1","author":"LaHoste GJ","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2006.03221.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ypg.0000056177.32550.a5","article-title":"No evidence of association of two 5HT transporter gene polymorphisms and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"13","author":"Langley K","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatr Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-008-0698-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30867"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-008-0119-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2012.736355"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","first-page":"83","article-title":"The dopamine D4 receptor and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"1","author":"Licinio J","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ambp.2006.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1071"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20010108)105:1<91::AID-AJMG1069>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2007.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30865"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00653-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.4.462"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707000529"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181a5661b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30866"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02277.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-011-9583-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001760"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","first-page":"737","article-title":"Psychiatric interviews suitable for use in research with children and adolescents","volume":"21","author":"Orvaschel H","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_1","volume-title":"Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school\u2010age children: Epidemiologic version","author":"Orvaschel H","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20249"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00129785-200101030-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2660(01)42015-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5281.1516"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000432"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-012-0766-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_1","volume-title":"Psychological assessment","author":"Sattler J","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000820"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.8.921"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02095.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2011.09.2459"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(99)00062-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049616"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1611"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026564"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302132"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_95_1","volume-title":"Manual for the Wechsler intelligence scale for children\u2014Revised","author":"Wechsler D","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30247"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30203"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajmg.b.32171","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajmg.b.32171","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T12:41:49Z","timestamp":1694522509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajmg.b.32171"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajmg.b.32171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.b.32171","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-4841","1552-485X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-4841","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-485X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}}}