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Numerous case\u2013control studies from the candidate gene era analyzed moderately sized samples and reported nominally significant associations with several loci in the HLA region (sample sizes, n\u2009=\u2009100\u2013400). The risk conferred by individual alleles was modest (odds ratios\u2009&lt;\u20092.0). The basis for the associations could not be determined, though connections with known immune and auto\u2010immune abnormalities in SZ were postulated. Interest in the HLA associations has re\u2010emerged following several recent genome\u2010wide association studies (GWAS); which utilized 10\u2010 to 100\u2010fold larger samples and also identified associations on the short arm of chromosome 6. Unlike the earlier candidate gene studies, the associations are statistically significant following correction for multiple comparisons. Like the earlier studies; they have modest effect sizes, raising questions about their utility in risk prediction or pathogenesis research. In this review, we summarize the GWAS and reflect on possible bases for the associations. Suggestions for future research are discussed. We favor, in particular; efforts to evaluate local population sub\u2010structure as well as further evaluation of immune\u2010related variables in future studies. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,19]],"date-time":"2013-10-19T10:24:42Z","timestamp":1382178282000},"page":"19-27","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["HLA associations in schizophrenia: Are we re\u2010discovering the wheel?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"165","author":[{"given":"Chowdari V.","family":"Kodavali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie M.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh School of 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