{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T12:38:10Z","timestamp":1740141490962,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,16]],"date-time":"2014-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1410825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ERC","award":["284167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["284167"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["1RO1DK0921127-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1RO1DK0921127-01"]}]},{"name":"NWO","award":["463-06-001","451-04-034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["463-06-001","451-04-034"]}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council and The Wellcome Trust"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"This study was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants","award":["RC2 DA028909","R01 DA12690","R01 DA12849","R01 DA18432","R01 AA11330 R01 AA017535 and the VA Connecticut and Philadelphia VA MIRECCs"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC2 DA028909","R01 DA12690","R01 DA12849","R01 DA18432","R01 AA11330 R01 AA017535 and the VA Connecticut and Philadelphia VA MIRECCs"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J of Med Genetics Pt B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>There is a large body of pre\u2010clinical and some clinical data to link the neuropeptide galanin to a range of physiological and pathological functions that include metabolism, depression, and addiction. An enhancer region upstream of the human <jats:italic>GAL<\/jats:italic> transcriptional start site has previously been characterised. In\u2010vitro transfection studies in rat hypothalamic neurons demonstrated that the CA allele was 40% less active than the GG allele in driving galanin expression. Our hypothesis was to investigate the effect of this galanin enhancer genotype on a range of variables that relate to the known functions of the galaninergic system in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort of young adults (N\u2009=\u2009169\u20136,078). Initial findings showed a positive relationship of cannabis usage (OR\u2009=\u20092.070, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007, N\u2009=\u2009406 (individuals who had used cannabis at least once within the last 12 months, total sample size 2731) with the GG haplotype, consistent with the previous published data linking galanin with an increased release of dopamine. As our sample size was relatively small we replicated the analysis in a larger cohort of 2,224 African Americans and 1,840 European Americans, but no discernible trend across genotypes was observed for the relationship with cannabis usage. Further, we found no association of the galanin enhancer genotype with any of the other pathophysiological parameters measured. These findings emphasise that preclinical data does not always predict clinical outcomes in cohort studies, noting that association studies are subject to multiple confounders. \u00a9 2014 The Authors. <jats:italic>American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics<\/jats:italic> published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,16]],"date-time":"2014-09-16T16:28:49Z","timestamp":1410884929000},"page":"654-664","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluating the role of a galanin enhancer genotype on a range of metabolic, depressive and addictive phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"165","author":[{"given":"Tom G.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Community Medicine University of Bristol Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camelia","family":"Minica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Psychology\/Netherlands Twin Register VU University Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Heron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Community Medicine University of Bristol Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Tavare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biochemistry University of Bristol Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alasdair","family":"MacKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences Institute of Medical Sciences Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen Scotland UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Community Medicine University of Bristol Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Glyn","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry University College London London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Hickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Community Medicine University of Bristol Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline M.","family":"Vink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Psychology\/Netherlands Twin Register VU University Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Gelernter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Genetics and Neurobiology and VA CT Healthcare Center Yale University School of Medicine West Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry R.","family":"Kranzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Genetics and Neurobiology and VA CT Healthcare Center Yale University School of Medicine West Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsay A","family":"Farrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Genetics and Neurobiology and VA CT Healthcare Center Yale University School of Medicine West Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Munaf\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Wynick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075359"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2006.00275.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001768"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Teoria statistica delle classi e calcolo delle probabilit\u00e0","volume":"8","author":"Bonferroni C","year":"1936","journal-title":"Pubblicazioni del R Istituto Superiore di Scienze Economiche e Commerciali di Firenze"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys064"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(82)90054-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2012.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2012.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09658219408258940"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Genome\u2010wide association study of alcohol dependence: Significant findings in African and European\u2010Americans including novel risk loci","volume":"19","author":"Gelernter J","year":"2014","journal-title":"MolPsychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.08.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(87)90088-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.051904"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1403649111"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-013-1318-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02680.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000336553"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00110-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2008.00410.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700030415"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000148099.12344.C8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902480404"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3640","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.06-12-03640.1986","article-title":"Coexistence of galanin\u2010like immunoreactivity with catecholamines, 5\u2010hydroxytryptamine, GABA and neuropeptides in the rat CNS","volume":"6","author":"Melander T","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)91228-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1392"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","first-page":"395","article-title":"Dissecting the genetic architecture of human personality","volume":"15","author":"Munafo MR","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2436"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/46.11.1762","article-title":"A reference method laboratory network for cholesterol: A model for standardization and improvement of clinical laboratory measurements","volume":"46","author":"Myers GL","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12035"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.09.070"},{"volume-title":"The ICD\u201010 classification of mental and behavioural disorders","year":"1993","author":"Organization WH","key":"e_1_2_6_36_1"},{"volume-title":"Schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry (SCAN) version 2.0","year":"1994","author":"Organization WH","key":"e_1_2_6_37_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.08.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.178533"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/519795"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-8329(04)00097-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00315-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-3-20"},{"volume-title":"WOLD: Wechsler Objective Language Dimensions Manual","year":"1996","author":"Rust J","key":"e_1_2_6_45_1"},{"volume-title":"WORD: Wechsler Objective Reading Dimensions Manual","year":"1993","author":"Rust J","key":"e_1_2_6_46_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.6.1387"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00510.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200001000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803298"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(83)80033-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.571"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2012.118"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.56.3.167"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712002735"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2012.00478.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(89)90411-9"},{"volume-title":"Intelligence Scale for Children \u2010Third Edition UK (WISC\u2010IIIUK)","year":"1992","author":"Weschler D","key":"e_1_2_6_59_1"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","first-page":"319","article-title":"Galanin in sensory neurons in the spinal cord","volume":"13","author":"Wiesenfeld HZ","year":"1992","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00645.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","first-page":"36","article-title":"Genome\u2010wide association study of major depressive disorder: New results, meta\u2010analysis, and lessons learned","volume":"17","author":"Wray NR","year":"2010","journal-title":"MolPsychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-011-1102-x"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajmg.b.32270","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajmg.b.32270","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajmg.b.32270","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ajmg.b.32270","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajmg.b.32270","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T22:45:23Z","timestamp":1696632323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajmg.b.32270"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,16]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajmg.b.32270"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.b.32270","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-4841","1552-485X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1552-4841"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1552-485X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,16]]}}}