{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T04:27:57Z","timestamp":1777436877121,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,24]],"date-time":"2016-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002889","name":"Foundation for Prader-Willi Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002889","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"PWS Families"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J of Med Genetics Pt B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Prader\u2013Willi syndrome (PWS) is characterized by infantile hypotonia, hypogonadism, small hands and feet, distinct facial features and usually intellectual impairment. The disorder is associated with severe behavioral disturbances which include hyperphagia leading to morbid obesity, temper outbursts, skin\u2010picking, and compulsive behaviors. While the brain mechanisms that underpin these disturbances are unknown these behaviors suggest a lack of inhibition and thus gamma\u2010aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter may be implicated. In the present study, we investigated in vivo brain GABA and its relationship with emotion and behavior in individuals with PWS. Single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H\u2010MRS) was performed on 15 individuals with PWS and 15 age\u2010 and gender\u2010matched typically developing controls. GABA levels were measured in the parieto\u2010occipital lobe. All other metabolite levels (N\u2010acetyl aspartate, myo\u2013Inositol, glutathione, glutamate, and glutamine\u2009+\u2009glutamate) were measured in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). GABA levels were significantly lower in the participants with PWS who had clinically significant emotional and behavioral problems relative to typically developing control participants and participants with PWS who did not have emotional and behavioral problems within the clinically significant range. GABA levels were negatively correlated with total behavioral problem scores as well as temper outbursts, skin\u2010picking, depression, social relating difficulties, and a tendency to be self\u2010absorbed. Our data suggests that alterations of the GABAergic system may play an important role in aspects of the pathophysiology of PWS. Pathological mechanism found in PWS may be relevant to understanding the control of similar behaviors in the general population. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,25]],"date-time":"2016-06-25T19:55:00Z","timestamp":1466884500000},"page":"1041-1048","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Reduced gamma\u2010aminobutyric acid is associated with emotional and behavioral problems in Prader\u2013Willi syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"171","author":[{"given":"Lauren J.","family":"Rice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Disability Research and Policy University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jim","family":"Lagopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Queensland Mind and Neuroscience Thompson Institute University of the Sunshine Coast Sunshine Coast Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Brammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroimaging Institute of Psychiatry King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stewart L.","family":"Einfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Disability Research and Policy University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858411403316"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"343","article-title":"Adjusting for multiple testing: When and how","volume":"54","author":"Bender R","year":"2001","journal-title":"JCE"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145707007924"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"1989","article-title":"Effect of frustration on brain activation pattern in subjects with different temperament","volume":"6","author":"Bierzynska M","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399405009531"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.40.8.568"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00365"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2014.0112"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.2000.tb02170.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.2000.tb02169.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24478"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19990115)82:2<123::AID-AJMG4>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"EinfeldSL TongeBJ.2002. 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