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Here, we tested whether ECT assignment and response\/nonresponse are associated with an increased genetic burden for major depression (MD) using polygenic risk score (PRS), which summarize the contribution of disease\u2010related common risk variants. Fifty\u2010one psychiatric inpatients suffering from a major depressive episode underwent ECT. MD\u2010PRS were calculated for these inpatients and a separate population\u2010based sample (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u20093,547 healthy; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u2009426 self\u2010reported depression) based on summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium MDD\u2010working group (Cases: <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u200959,851; Controls: <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u2009113,154). MD\u2010PRS explained a significant proportion of disease status between ECT patients and healthy controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u2009.022, R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 1.173%); patients showed higher MD\u2010PRS. MD\u2010PRS in population\u2010based depression self\u2010reporters were intermediate between ECT patients and controls (n.s.). Significant associations between MD\u2010PRS and ECT response (50% reduction in Hamilton depression rating scale scores) were not observed. Our findings indicate that ECT cohorts show an increased genetic burden for MD and are consistent with the hypothesis that treatment\u2010resistant MD patients represent a subgroup with an increased genetic risk for MD. Larger samples are needed to better substantiate these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T05:54:11Z","timestamp":1543816451000},"page":"35-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Evidence for increased genetic risk load for major depression in patients assigned to electroconvulsive therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"180","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1067-5725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerome C.","family":"Foo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1080-4339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Streit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie H.","family":"Witt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Treutlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernhard T.","family":"Baune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Moebus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg\u2010Essen  Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl\u2010Heinz","family":"J\u00f6ckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg\u2010Essen  Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas J.","family":"Forstner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics University of Bonn School of Medicine &amp; University Hospital Bonn  Bonn Germany"},{"name":"Department of Genomics, Life &amp; Brain Research Center University of Bonn  Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus M.","family":"N\u00f6then","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics University of Bonn School of Medicine &amp; University Hospital Bonn  Bonn Germany"},{"name":"Department of Genomics, Life &amp; Brain Research Center University of Bonn  Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcella","family":"Rietschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Sartorius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Kranaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000366"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"A polygenic score for schizophrenia and HLA and inflammation genes predict response to lithium in bipolar affective disorder","volume":"75","author":"Amare A. 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